finestra d'En Joan Quetgles

            Philosophy and religion without masks

     The title of this writing, philosophy and religion without masks, due to the idea of reporting some of the most reactionary elements of the hegemonic ideologies in the world. "Philosophy without masks" in order to make the hidden with masks, which were used with the various philosophies to a certain historical moments, and "masks without religion" because religion decisively involved in historical processes, and the other part, because the churches are in permanent and ideological war, at all times, trying to hide their most ambitious projects. Then see how it affects us as serious as what was called the Catholic universe.

    This text aims to be an analysis of the dominant ideology, which shows the mechanisms of ideological power; Power, in capital letters, because there are power devices installed to protect the dominant ideology and to marginalize and stifle opposing ideologies or dissidents; instrument of ideological struggle, that seeks to show how one can a weak power.

    My thesis comprise a line of thought in the way of a systematic philosophy, and many submitted articles as if they have a particular deployment to my blog - The blog of John Quetgles -. What I want to publish on the Web is a collection of writings - like articles - on topics from philosophy that can help build the new Catalan ideological universe. How to check, even when they appear as isolated pages, in fact, a set (you can see on the Web Philosophy and intellectual authority). It is an attempt to create ideological weapon against the dominant ideological Universos, who Universos on freedom, equality and justice, and against the interests of the masses, so. One might think that we do not have enough forces against the ideological Goliats. The Goliats have enormous power, but its ideology has a particular weakness. Goliath is the Spanish giants and certainly has all the major mechanism for spreading their ideology. Similarly, the ideological power of Rome has extended mechanisms around the world and the universe is immense Catholic.

The Goliats are very strong, but what they protect - the reactionary ideological values - is very weak. The ideology that is forced to defend is a burden that weighs each time becomes more and is unsustainable and unbearable. "Time is against him. The huge reservoirs that have to defend - that of the Catholic Church, the most - losing flow smoothly. The progress of positive science and technology is always at the expense of the ideological values of Goliats on the topic that affects, of course. Likewise, increasing the diffusion of a general spirit also illustrated the decline of the defense giant.

The increasing globalization affects all Universos ideological. The Goliats perceive it as a serious threat and try to accommodate their defenses to the new situation. . Globalization is a God for Davids oppressed by Rome. Arrival times of the global village, the major Universos world - and particularly the French (to distinguish the British and American), and the German Luther and calvinist - become a supplier of 'arms free to fight on Davids. These large Universos for centuries who are fighting the Universe Catholic and all major sheets of the Universe Spanish. To this the legend black Universos Spanish is not a legend, crimes against humanity committed by the Spaniards are reported as crimes, to their textbooks and encyclopedias their - and their films - shows the evil deeds that caused the Spanish rule and the Catholic Church.

Of course, not all flowers and violas in a large Universos we mean. Of course they also have their black legends. Of course we know that there is a wave of American Puritanism, and that the U.S. president in person, in George Bush, is said to be inspired by fundamentalism Purita. Of course English is the David fighting against the other oppressors. However, it is clear that in these large Universos find more on weapons to fight religious fundamentalism of any sign. Incidentally, by way of clarification, you can see that the Catholic Church absolutely abstains's campaign to extend the use of English. The Catholic authority must consider, I think, that English is the language of enemies Universos, Luther and the Calvinistic - enemies to win the first war with the pen and the sword -.

    Ideological universes. Ideologies - philosophies and religions, and all its derivatives, and also sociology - are initially expressed and reproduced using a specific language that is specific to a particular nation state. The ideological content of literature and everything that serves as a vehicle for the dissemination of ideas is also part of this universe. Thus, we can speak of the ideological universe Spanish, French, German, Russian, Spanish, etc.. With the ideological expression Universe Universe Spanish or Spanish is to understand the ideological universe for the Spanish, not including ideological productions of other States that have Spanish as their own. The ideological Universos States of America of English are different from other Universos the Universe itself in Spain. To understand the thing: education programs and textbooks of various Spanish-speaking states have remarkable differences and divergences. And it is not surprising that insoluble conflicts explode, so, for example, in making the meaning and appreciation of "Descubrimiento de América" unable to find a common formula. It is not unusual for elements of the ideological production of Latin American states are objectively usable by the Catalans against Spanish ideological universe. On the other hand, the Spanish universe is not something finished and compact, but has followed a process of increasing openness and modernization. And this process continues. In addition, you should consider positively the many similarities between the progressive and the Catalans in Spain.

The Catholic Universe affect us very directly. The Catholic Universe is created and sustained by the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church is a major world power to intervene decisively in the ideological war of global reach, always so reactionary, that is in favor of obscurantism and oppression. The Catholic Church in Spain is particularly aggressive because they show has never been defeated and remains almost intact their power structures. The Catholic Church formed the core of the conspiracy against the Spanish republic (in Pope Pius XI, it took a decisive part, and esclatada war, gave support to the Italian military intervention in favor of a Franco) .

The power, the power structure of Spain, the Catalans to force belonged to the Spanish ideological universe. The Spanish power tries to reduce the universe to a Catalan folk or remains a modest museum. Briefly, attempts anorrear Catalan national consciousness.

The Universe French also affects us very directly. The Universe is French stained ugly disease, is seriously affected by schizophrenia. The French power, and all are self-champion of freedom, equality, and committed crimes committed against the Catalans and many other peoples. His fraternity is that of Cain In. Of horrible things in the Universe because French is the maintenance of coexistence between the hidden republican proclamations and practice a policy of imperialist violence and kids. French intellectuals fail to effectively denounce the visions of his universe, his fanciful On the contrary, largely contribute to the maintenance of these mirages.

See that the Universe Catholic negatively affects us. And the Catholic Church has always been a domain in the service of power. Essentially totalitarian, is an enemy of freedom and progress. And the enemy of equality. The structure of the Catholic Church is pyramidal; was specially designed so that it is impossible for the democratic exercise. In none of the steps of the pyramid Catholic representatives are elected by their bases. The Catholic Church, in any case, are represented; what is that pastors are always appointed by a higher authority. The exception to the rule comes in the election of popes, but in these rare cases, exercise the right of exclusive electoral cardinals electors, who are 115 or so. So, millions of Catholics have selected only 115 voting rights and, moreover, a considerable part of the 115 electors were appointed by the late Pope.

    These ideological universes are enormous power equipment to stay and, if they can, to expand it. But these three decadent Goliats can not bear the consequences of technological progress and communications. These three Universos three extraordinarily fortified citadels in order to prevent the entry of the light of truth, light that reveals their evil deeds. Despite the many devices of the Spanish State and the Catholic Church, the working classes and the general population of Catalonia in Spain and continuously break the ideological framework in which they are subjected, and Goliats are restless. The ideological war intensifies. Free Internet access from Davids must mean the beginning of the end of all Goliats World.

And vice versa, time plays in favor of oppressed peoples, as to shun ideological oppression. Each day, the Catalans have more resources available to put the Universe in Spanish crisis. Furthermore, the interests of the oppressed classes of the Spanish and the French state must converge with those of the Argentine working class. The Universe is full of Spanish products and reactionary products Espanyol, but the last forty years has been filled with products and progressive ideological opposite of the interests of the oligarchy Spanish. The Universe was emerging that Catalan is not a simple reconstruction of the world destroyed by the reaction area 36. Not so in the pujolisme intended to be built is not the way to Torres in bagues and as of Catalonia will be Christian or not "on the contrary, we must say that Catalonia is, if among other things, broke the Catholic brooches.

The Universe Spanish reflects current correlation of forces involved in the ideological struggle.

The Universe of English is now an ugly conglomerate on a variety of agents are deposited ideological products, so for example, textbooks are in English but not a textbook in Spanish. The conservative ideological production is still predominantly Catholic, I believe. For decades, hundreds and hundreds of projects in Catalan Catalan civil society have led - and continue to bear - the conservative imprint. The attempt to form a kind of national-Catholicism in the Argentine has not achieved its objectives, but the national Catholic agents Catalans still fully active. The pujolisme has been lethal. Has been a cultural intervention that short-range menava towards cultural insignificant. Now we are precisely in this insignificant, but it seems that the general feeling of dissatisfaction.

    So, the Universe is for Spanish.

    The process of globalization destroys the walls of Universos ideological defensive. Globalization also brings into crisis the Universe Spanish. Made from centuries, the Spanish and the Catalans were closed within the Universe Spanish (in Philip II, the great champion of Catholicism, by tyrant law prohibits the importation of foreign books). For centuries, only an enlightened minority had access to other universes. With globalization, they enrunant the walls. The Spanish and the Catalans in contact with other Universos ideological crisis which put into the speech of Spanish ideological universe - and of the Universe Catholic of Spain -. Furthermore, currently, the major ideological influence Universos the Universe into Spanish offering all its products using the Spanish language. The new social phenomenon of the film caused the first great wave of ideological mundialitzadora. Specifically, The Universe U.S. - Luther and the universe - creation of a severe defeat in the Universe and the Universe Catholic Spanish.

Therefore, the Catalans are provided abundant material to the furnaces Universos other ideological elements that contradict basic Spanish discourse. We therefore see that the Catalans will not be alone at the time denounced the ideological distortions of the Universe and the Spanish Catholic Universe.

    The power, the ruling class, attempts to construct an ideological universe according to their interests and imposes on the oppressed classes. In Spain, Catalan workers suffer a double oppression as workers and as a Catalan. Part of the popular classes is Spanish seduïda the Spanish nationalist discourse. The Spanish oligarchy deploys all its resources instead to maintain and promote the Spanish nationalist alienation. The fact that the Spanish bishops raise its voice in defense of the unity of the Spanish nation is an indicator of fear that the oligarchy feels the loss of ideological battle, or of losing power. His fear - and its effort to prevent the disorderly free flow of ideas - is an example of the power of ideas.

It is not only to understand but to participate in the fight for conservatism and sweep the reaction. We need to establish a republic based on emotivisme moral, that is expression of feelings of the majority, ie the feelings of the working classes.

Thesis: In need David to win in Goliath. In Goliath, to keep its evil power, lies, and history is the creation of a legend on the weight of lies, at a particular time, is unbearable.

The ideological power is what makes the program of education official. The dominant ideology is the result of the strength of ideological power. To understand: the Spanish-Andalusian oligarchy was the dominant class in Spain, was the class that had the conservative ideological control, to the year 1975, for 40 years, the dominant ideology in the State was called the "national-Catholicism." With the establishment of constitutional monarchy, began a new historical period in which the oligarchy Spanish - the Spanish-Andalusian - accept the new democratic framework (Well, actually, was actually the result of a negotiation from d 'a position of strength of the oligarchy). It would be more approximate to the historical reality that the democratic forces accepted the offer of a new political framework that had serious democratic shortcomings, serious deficiencies remain to this day. The various formations of the democratic rule that had been fighting against the Franco dictatorship "negotiated" that the conditions imposed by the Francoist establishment in power. So it was not the case that the oligarchy was defeated or weakened. The Democratic Platform negotiating power with the Franco regime from a position of weakness, and was forced to accept the maintenance of the privileges of the oligarchy and the Catholic Church. Not even the smallest agreement reprovació the military uprising of General Franco and Franco's regime. There was no attempt to initiate legal proceedings against criminals Franco. There was not any kind of debugging Franco officials with political responsibilities. The oligarchs, with all its properties intact fits beautifully in the "new democratic order" of the Bourbon monarchy. Moreover, the elements of the Francoist state apparatus continued to their places of privilege that it is not the slightest review. All Franco and the military judges and professors and senior administrative positions to their continued without being molestats.

Today, in 2008, the Conservative government still controlling important ideological instruments. Furthermore, the progressive segments of Spanish society are maintained within the confusion by putting into question the plurinacionalitat and a plurality of cultures in the state. It can be concluded that the official program of history and philosophy, broadly speaking, have not been away from the Franco era. Often, conservative and progressive Spaniards agree manipulation tasks historic - or fake -, so it is difficult to distinguish what is and what about the others. The dominant ideology in a given society corresponds to the interests of the dominant social class.

Thesis: All men are thinkers and think. It is true that the ideas that are present in the story is an exclusive or of philosophers called the spokespersons of the dominant ideology. The books of history and the history of philosophy given to understand, wrongly, that the dominant ideology in each period are a consequence or result of the intellectual activity of one man, a man endowed a large capacity, so that your mind can change the course of history. This assumption is inconsistent and can not but contribute to the confusion.

One of the innovations of this sieve is reported català of ideology or hidden ideological disguise. Commonly, scholars concentrated their study of ideologies on the analysis of texts of the authors. My proposal is to investigate what is the intention of a particular ideologue, and what follows is of a certain ideology, what matters is discovering what is true ideology that hides behind the guise of ideological expresses.

Thesis: The men can make ideological disguise or hide the ideology itself and hide actions committed, but their silence and their inaction, not the act, we can discover the true ideological face.

In Socrates had nothing to say or protest it, or move when he started the great wave of repression by the forces of reaction that is endorsed power in Athens, the repression began, the pursuit of enlightened and Democrats of the Athenians, and gave a wave of crimes. In Socrates I call a Death (Well, I mean a creation of course Socrates In Plato, Socrates in the real thing we know very little).

Mostly, theologians, scholars and experts do not say what their intention to announce engaged in a study or a specific knowledge of their exposure. Commonly, elaborate their reports without referring to its philosophy and explain how their relationship with power. Publish their reports to the way you would a geometer who sends in the Faculty RECENSIÓN, ie into ideological combat in costumes or hidden, without saying what is your secret passion.

Thesis: Contrary to positivist model, which we must demand that those who do have ideological writings express what their social and ideological intention, and to say which side they belong.

Commonly, the combatants in a war of ideology conceal their intentions. At present universities, the faculties of theology and philosophy try to show an appearance similar to the faculties of science positive. We have to see what happened the time of the costumes, we must see what happened the time of the theologians, scholars and the experts on ideological issues. These experts will disguise as a positive science, and in any case not confess that, in fact, are theologians.

Men think and feel intensely driven by emotions and passions. Without emotion there is no thought. It is an image commonly mistificadora which is a thinker who has thought. It is not the case that thinking is an activity of its own called thinkers, with correlation with math is that mathematicians specific. The use of the words and philosophy philosopher does not change the situation. Commonly, the philosophy is to think like a specific and exclusive to the philosophers. This is the result of a manipulation that began the ideologists of the reaction in ancient Greece: On Socrates and Plato in N'Aristòtil. Well, actually - as we shall see - was the Macedonian aristocracy who set out the reactionary ideology, anti.

Clarification: a series of references to the ancient world that I needed to understand the modern world. Indeed, we must see that the Greek polis is the only ancient reference to the debate on democracy.

And even more: the most current debates on issues linked to religion or philosophy that had its origins in ancient times.

The reactionaries are trying at all times present battle theological material provided relating to the Intellectual and Moral lectualisme the Scriptures.

Must specify that they were individuals belonging to the masses who think, propose and carry out the democratic revolution in the Greek polis. We must first understand that democratic reforms made and, later, scholars discuss the theoretical foundations of social convencionalitat. It was not the case that some scholars ilustrados inspire the masses with his social, were the masses with their leaders that led to the democratic revolution, the masses were with their leaders that happened to themselves Nomos democracy after the long debates in open assemblies. Were the masses which a direct democracy in cities. The economic and social growth of the polis was the determinant cause of the democratic revolutions in the sixth century BC. We must understand that the masses of the polis they felt oppressed, and grew a feeling of revolt against the aristocracy to monopolize power. Those men thought and felt and believed in democratic reforms. Surely there was no revolutionary heroes and martyrs belonging to the humblest social classes, and are sure that his name was known and praise, but no wonder they are not in evidence, we concluded that over the centuries power of the aristocratic oligarchies, they remove any trace of democratic testimony.

The moral is emotivisme the principle of democratic ideology. The Nomos of the cities was not democratic expression of the designs of the gods but the feelings of most people. Moral standards and laws of the city were the result of a convention among citizens. The wise men of the century of Pericles were theorists of convencionalitat. The scholars made in theories and debates on the topic, but first the broad masses were citizens who move to the endutes moral emotivisme Nomos and impose the law of the democratic city. The reactionary given a pejorative meaning to the word Sophist; pejorative sense that prevailed over the centuries. Even now, most history books of philosophy and encyclopedias are to understand that relativism and skepticism of enlightened sages - Protàgores, Gorgias, Pròdic, Hippias helium, and other Licofró - is a kind of philosophy minor. So most of the major encyclopedias adopt theoretical positions that produced the anti-reaction, given that a theoretical understanding of the moral emotivisme thought produced a lower, much to the intelligence of the moral lectualisme. Everywhere, the figures s'exalten of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle as the great philosophers of humanity. Some time to Universos Lutheran began to break spears against these philosophers. In Luther s'estigué not to say that hate N'Aristòtil. Currently, they are not rare historians who make a critical historical review on the subject before us, in this work is the social history of science, John D. Bernal, Bernal In a chapter devoted to the triad called reactionary: Socrates, Plato and Aristotle.

Thesis: The ideological struggle revolves around the moral in the widest sense of the word. On one side there is the theory of moral emotivisme, the other of the intellectual and moral lectualisme affirming morality based on religion or tradition.

(Emotivisme The moral principle that sets the moral standards are a result of feelings).

First was the military defeat of the democratic polis, however, the moral emotivisme was replaced by the moral or intellectual lectualisme for traditional moral aristocratic societies. I thought of the sophists illustrated by the reactionary ideology. The reaction established patterns and norms of the ideology of the imperial era began. With which the great Greek thinkers and previous large illustrated were reduced to the status of inferior thinkers "presocràtics" or "sophists" in the pejorative sense, platonic, meaning "those who speculate with the truth." At the same time, most of the writings of the sophists fingers are lost.

Democratic cities represented a brief parenthesis in the history of universal were an exception to the system prevailing aristocratic societies throughout time. At the time of city-state, followed by the great empires of the governed by aristocratic oligarchies. Throughout history, all attempts to change the order aristocratic ended in failure. All were armed revolts esclafades without consequences. Similarly, all attempts to avoid the oppression of the Catholic Church failed and were subject to brutal repression.

It may seem that oppression, slavery and servatge been made final, as a kind of end of history, explained how the tomistes (The tomistes were those who were thinking, any piece of paper could not move Nihil the obstat). But in the sixteenth century began the great liberation movements of the Lutheran Reformation, which meant the beginning of the end of universal oppression. After endless failures, in the end, s'esdevingué the time of the great democratic revolutions triomfants. The victory of the Lutheran reformers, the expansion of the Reformation, the establishment of Calvinism in Geneva, the triumph of the revolt of the Netherlands - the first great war of national liberation triumphant - the revolt of 1648 in England. And in 1688, held the first democratic revolution, the British established the first modern parliamentary democracy. Similarly in the age of democratic revolutions of the Greek cities of ancient times, the English revolution, were the first men who rises in arms against absolutism, and then below, the philosophers recover the theory of emotivisme moral, and democratic ideology becomes the dominant thought. I respect the democratic process, we must devote special attention to studying how the first Republic established the modern world, the Republic of the United States of America.

The moral of N'Aristòtil is a collection of conservative proposals to sign under the oligarchy and the service of the imperial project of the King of Macedonia, but is still forcing the students to study them as a great treasure very important knowledge. Just in case, students should have suitable materials to discern what are the mechanisms of ideological manipulation used by reactionaries.

It is scandalous that the official program to continue hiding the content author as reactionary or N'Aristòtil By Paul of Tarsus, who throughout the figure by the name of Sant Pau (Pau A course of Tarsus, the alleged work which became part of the New Testament). N'Aristòtil considers it natural that there are slaves to society and, moreover, thinks it's good to have slaves. So N'Aristòtil sense, men are released free of mechanical work, and servile can devote to philosophy.

No coincidence that the moral standards of the Epistle of Paul in the match official moral doctrine the Roman Empire. For example, in Paul preached that slaves should Christians accept slavery as something natural and even more slaves suggests that Christians behave like good children to respect his master, and that s the owners' should behave like parents regarding their slaves.

I believe the New Testament booklets are produced by a recreation of a team of ideologues in the service project of the Emperor Constantine. In the idea of Constantine was the establishment of a universal Roman church would be the axis of standardizing and unifying all peoples of the Empire. In the draft Constantine was applied too late, when the Empire as s'esfondrava but demonstrated that it was a good instrument of imperial power applied to Byzantium - a city that is named Constantinople -. The Byzantine Empire, unified with the weft of the Christian Church, had endured a thousand years older than the Roman Empire in the West.

Have to think of Paul of Tarsus in itself is a myth produced by the fourth century theologians. There is no historical document of the century that refers to the Paul of Tarsus. Nor is it the case that there is any literary reference to Greek or Latin authors of the period in respect of peace or of his writings. In Friedrich Schleiermacher, 1768-1834, considered one of the major Calvinist theology, and one of the greatest philologists, scholar In the Epistle of Paul, made it clear that the letter had been written by different authors. But in the discovery of Schleiermacher was - was - not for political purposes by the Christian churches. The Catholic Church dedicates his intellectual activity to try to remove any reference that the authors have uncovered errors or confusion in the New Testament.

De antemano beautiful, was the Roman patriciaR wary of philosophers and philosophy books; bad was devoted to the study of philosophy and philosophical speculation, and even then were hardly express prohibitions of teaching philosophy and the expulsion of Roma from Greek philosophers. S'afeccionaven that the Romans in the Greek culture they called despectivament graeculus, greguets. What mattered to those patricians was the cultivation of Roman virtus. The great Roman understood that his duty was to defend the Roman tradition. That explains the huge gap that occurs in the history of philosophy at the time of the Roman Empire, which should be Roman philosophy is almost nonexistent. Scandalously, there are only a few Roman authors of books of philosophy, but also those few authors are not philosophers themselves. In his book of philosophy, entitled Reflections, Emperor Marcus Aurelius but hastens to say that he did not spend time with readings of works with philosophical speculations and useless, and screwing the Rull of contradiction; write a book of philosophy that is not appropriate to devote himself to philosophy.

According to historians skeptical, be concluded that the figure of Jesus of Nazareth did not have any historical reality, which is Orphic myth. And the Gospels that Christians are pure literary creations, some more from the ocean of literature Orphic flooding the Greek cities of the time. Although a number of British researchers critics - vb. In J. M. Robertson - was revealed, but his writings are not collected by the major encyclopedias and history books for which official versions continue offering the service of conservative Christian churches. Researchers critical of the Christian myths are small sections of skeptics regarding religion. We must remember that in Britain there is a kind of convention between the different powers so it is considered not advisable to adopt a critical attitude against the Anglican Church since the administration of the State, not of the Queen's Bath the head of this Church. Of course the researchers who spoke are not included in the Universe Spanish or Catalan in the Universe. Can be found on the Web at skepticaly.org and other similar. (You can download the Red Book of the formidable professor hayy well Yehoshua The myth of the story of Jesus in automatically translated version in English.

The researchers also denied critics call into question or I have a supposed primitive Christian communities. The war of the Jews and The Antiquities judaiques, Josef Flavius Book of the century, are the main source of the historical period on the Jewish world and the various Jewish religious sects (You can download books on the Web by Gutenberg . org). But is not the case there is not the slightest reference to any sect or a Christian community.

No few researchers Jewish books that highlight the inconsistency of the facts that tell the Gospels and New Testament books. Furthermore, neither the greatest Roman historian Cornelius Tacitus in his Annals and Histories (covering from 55 to 120 books in 16 AD), or Parallel Lives Plutarch's Greek and Roman Suetonius in Lives of the Doce Caesar, nor in the Roman History Apiano Asian (24 books), writing in Greek in the middle of the third century. Roman History (80 books) Greek Dion Cassius also contains data on it. And that tells the history of Roman expansion in Asia Minor, including Judea and Palestine

The high negative value Roman cultivation of philosophy, so were very few Roman authors to write books in philosophy, we can cite in Lucrecia, in Seneca, in Cicero, Marcus Aurelius, and in not much more, none of them presented as a philosopher. With the exception of Seneca, the author left only a few books that may be considered as a philosophical work, and those few books, mostly, had a very limited diffusion. To get an idea of the work of re nature (about nature) of the poet Lucrecia, the Latin version of the work of EPICUR, he about to be lost, remains two issues that came to modernity. The Roman oligarchy was essential to understand the maintenance of traditional ideology, the only body of thought that had grown was the Roman virtus, ie the set of family and social norms that had characterized the behavior of fathers of the fatherland. The Thoughts of Marcus Aurelius in are little more than a recipe book of rules of conduct high-class Roman. No Bade, the emperors held the position of praefectus blackberries, responsible for compliance moral Romanian. Commonly, the Roman stoicism are presented sympathetically and as if it was a small wonder, as a set of virtues enviable pervading the behavior of the patricians, namely, patriotism, service to family and community, mastery of the passions, rejection of all forms of ostentation, chastity, parquedat in food and clothing, the cultivation of virtues, and, in short, the mood impertorbabilitat.

The history books and encyclopedias do not deal with everything that is hidden, unless produces a kind of scandal. Large aristocrats who has the power to describe their sometimes violent practices to consider as the heroic deeds when in fact they were crimes against humanity. The main evidence of the crimes are the criminals who describe their crimes and often in far greater detail.

What is not said those virtuous Romans is great how bestial the stoicism applied in reverse: they were their strife to reach the suffering of others. Those Romans had great impertorbables at the time of committing a crime. What you do not call the textbooks is that the Roman oligarchy created a system of universal repression inhumanitat still failed. The Romans were the inventors of the punishment possible more painful and lasts longer possible, the death of the cross located. Nor were the use of genocidal activities to the point that became a common practice or standard. Carthage was destroyed house by house and their fields were sown salt, and the survivors were sold as slaves and espargits throughout the Empire, but the destruction of Carthage was not an isolated case but a case as a result of implementing legislation that established the Roman destruction of those cities of the Empire to stand with arms against Rome.

It is not in the few books on Roman philosophy is the true dominant ideology in Rome. They were the minds of the patricians who devise ways to create and maintain the Empire. Were the patricians who devised the formidable military capacity of the Roman legions. Were the patricians who devised the system of farms based on the work of slaves in large masses. Intensely felt in the strategies of slave-keeping system. They design everything from very elaborate measures - some of extreme violence - to keep under the will of the slaves. The patricians devised a way to have subjected the people defeated, all established mechanisms of social insurance to maintain the Empire.

Thesis: The formation of the great ancient empires to reply to the need to overcome the state of universal war.

Came to a point, no there the sixth century BC, that cities and political entities are obliged to saw each other confederations or seek the protection of any military power, not to do so were in imminent danger of being assaulted and subjugades by any hostile power, this was the case of Messinia was conquered by the Spartans.

The conservative ideology describes the story as Res Gestae as a result of the actions of great men; actions are the result of ideas and projects of these men. The conservative ideologues in explaining the causes of the formation of the Roman Empire followed a long line indeterminista, ie relate to causes that are pure accidents, and not explain anything. Accordingly, history is an accumulation of accidents and chances. In The Aeneid of Virgil is in a classical paradigm. The poem was commissioned by the Emperor Augustus as ideological project to create a great national epic a Roman imitation of the Iliad. The poem is a Song rocambolesc Aeneas, survivor of the alleged destruction of Troy, who wander the Mediterranean and, after a great adventure, lands in Italy and founded Rome.

The history books and encyclopedias of the Universe Spanish remain largely conservative ideology, with a clear predominance of the narrative of the great feats.

In the writings of Julius Caesar is an exception to the rule, shows that he knew and understood what was essential to the dynamics of history at that time. The war of Wales lies not only all rigor in describing the complexity of elements involved in the war, and goes beyond what is described, in his opinion, the cause for which Rome makes war on the lies and Wales for Wales which lies become part of the Roman Empire. In Cesar describes what are the main mechanisms that are able to move the policy of Gaul on the power of Rome. In some paragraphs left signal soberga their intelligence, as is the book VI, XII, which explains why Gaul was divided into two factions, and how at that time the war was a permanent level of violence as unacceptable. He said that the two factions - the eduus and sequans - were affected and that sequans, feel inferior, you coalitzaren with Germanic and with that, and won several victories degollada entire nobility of eduus, became so powerful that the lead many of the subjects and they were compelled to give as a pledge of their children ... The main reason was that the forced Diviciaco (eduu the leader) to go to Rome to seek relief in the Senate, but not received. It is the fate changed with the arrival of Caesar: will be refunded to the hostage eduus covers former vassals and new n'adquiriren In thanks to Cesar, who looked strong as those with s'aliaven condition improved and government. Caesar noted in historical essential contradiction: the universal war - the eternal war of all against all - also threatened to blow into the arms of Rome. In the words of Caesar in, this was the cause Diviciano forced to go to Rome to seek relief in the Senate. Caesar was in the grasp of the contradictory situation that was a faction of the Welsh nation sought military aid from Rome to move war against another faction of the same nation. It is this contradiction that explains that a single city, Rome, could put such a great nation, Gaul, which had a population twenty times greater than that of Rome.

The climax of the great Roman thought was the invention of the strategy to keep people under the losers. The idea was that the lands of the people defeated in war became ager publicus, land owned by the Empire, so the aristocratic class of people up the lost power and was forced to make pacts of submission and loyalty Rome, a second phase, the indigenous aristocracy struggled to achieve Roman citizenship. Thus, the rebellions of the natives were always local and not a serious threat against the Empire, local, because that kept alive the nation was aware of the aristocratic class. Without an active political leaders, nations lost under the national consciousness, which was replaced by the idea of belonging to a region. So, no ruling class, the peasant population fell within the localism and the nation is broken in pieces. The peasant masses of the nation, with political leaders, remained buried in his little place survival, and the nation disappeared from history, commonly.

Textbooks and encyclopedias explain that "the invasion of the barbarians" and the end of the Roman Empire in the year 475, began a long period with great cultural retreat. They explain that for centuries the level of cultivation of philosophy was under the minimum, that there were no studies of philosophy, or publications, or schools, or authors. They understand that a great intellectual darkness spread to areas that had formed the Roman Empire. The racing history books to say that classical culture was saved by the Roman Catholic Church, this church was the only institution to survive the empire and that the Church started and directed the recovery of cultural 'Europe with the establishment of schools and universities, from the eleventh century. But these books fits the historical facts, continue to provide an interpretation manipulated according to the Catholic tradition. The historical reality leaves the conservative model. Clarify the historical reality of the time we can point out the false foundations of the current conservative ideology and the various philosophical orientations that match.

In the fifth century, the leaders - the warrior aristocracy - several Germanic peoples decided to take up large areas of the Roman Empire. But not just to get on land to establish themselves as a people. The new idea, the new project, the German leaders was to take over the Roman Empire, in establishing themselves as managers of the Empire in place of the Romans.

For centuries, the Visigoths and Ostrogoth made by people deambulants: left some areas and some other duty, and again, whether as a kind of myth Sísife well, made a drift that seems incredible today. The Visigoths even managed new territories within the Empire as a result of the negotiations with Rome. That is, the political strategy of the great Germanic peoples began to be deployed before the fall of the Roman Empire. It is not the case that assimilate Roma Germanic, but the Germanic were taken over the Empire, by degrees, through ongoing negotiations with the emperors of Rome.

The novelty, the new project, was to establish themselves as managers of the Empire, the portion of the Roman Empire which had occupied militarily. The Ostrogoth, the Visigoths, Franks and other Germanic peoples became the new administrators of the Roman Empire. Empires made up on the ethnic German population was a minority compared to the total population. For example: 200.000 Visigoths against six million hispanic (Incidentally, hispanic name was applied to the Romans to refer to the twenty nations or peoples who inhabited the Iberian Peninsula). At any time, new managers maintained the institutions of the former Empire. Even came to take the name of the Roman Empire, as was the case with the title "Roman Germanic Empire." The maintenance of the Roman administration and the Latin language was a necessity, not Roman administration for them to build and maintain their empires.

It is not the case that the French imposed their language, the French as an official language of the imperial administration. The Latin worship continued to be the language of administration, while indigenous people continued talking in vulgar Latin. The aristocracy of France decided to adopt Latin as a second language. Similarly Ostrogoth the act and the Visigoths. These Germanic kingdoms, the process of diglossia determined the extinction of the German language. Franks, the Visigoths and Ostrogoth lost their own language.

The Germanic peoples conquerors adopted the Christian religion as a political strategy to consolidate its new empire. Textbooks Catalans and Spaniards say they became Germanic peoples to Christianity, but no detail or explain what this conversion. It would seem that what we would own more than conquerors imposed their religion for losers, as throughout history.

The Protestant and Catholic encyclopedias do nothing but confuse the reader by presenting an entire story on the bishop Úlfila is the principal agent in the history of this conversion, is limited to recount their deeds of missionaries; Úlfila explaining that he translated the New Testament the Gothic language and "convert to Arianism glasses. But the bishops alleged missionaries were not the real agents of history, the real agents were the German aristocracy. In maintaining the basic structure of Roman, Germanic kings decisively participated in the consolidation and expansion of the Catholic Church.

The image that corresponds to the historical reality is the assembly of nobles headed by the king which deliberates and decides it is necessary and appropriate to formally adopt the official religion of the Empire (Well, the Visigoths decided to do a second conversion At the time of Reccared; adjugé decided to adopt the Arianism and Catholicism). In Clovis, king of the Franks, and the intellectual elite decided to France the great pirouette: apostasy would franca of religion, and became too much to Christianity. The German aristocracy, mostly, had a cynical concept of religion.

The textbooks say that at the time of barbarism, there were no cultural philosophical level, that there were no philosophical works, but does not explain what was the new thinking or what were the ideological project of mastery Germanic.

At all times there is an ideological war. The philosophy of such books only show a small part of the ideological conflicts of the time. The production of books of philosophy, sometimes, is not representative of all thought, as in time of the Roman Empire, others, or even be testimony, with the High Middle Ages.

Thesis. At any time, the ruling class hides its strategy with regard to the exercise of power; disguise their behavior as a dominant class, hiding their real intentions and the real rules of conduct.

With Prince, Machiavelli out in the light of true dialectic who had power.

It is the false image of a Catholic Church as the depository for the remains of classical culture. In advance, the church was an instrument of repression for religious reasons, moral, intellectual and political. Established the monopoly of education. What must be explained is that colleges and universities rely on Bishoprics; religious orders that are out of university professorships, except in medical schools, which rarely a deal could lay a chair. What must be explained is that the Church was the main obstacle for the advancement of science, that despotism established moral and intellectual, which encouraged the cultivation of superstition, fanaticism and intolerance to a degree never matched inhumanitat.

The history books of philosophy presents a list of philosophers of the Middle Ages, so it gives the impression that there really had to learn new posts. It is an illusion and smoke; fingers philosophers are a collection of brothers who grew the dogmatic Catholic obediently, more properly should be termed apologist of theology and Catholic morality. Mostly, the Roman pontiff canonized the most loyal and distinguished.

From the fifth century, the philosophy of Hippo N'Agustí was the officer of the Catholic Church. You must understand that the philosophy of N'Agustí was a commission of Power. In the thirteenth century, in the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas - by order of Pope Clement IV in - went to the official Church, but without invalidating the agustinisme. The order made in Thomas was to accommodate the Aristotelian philosophy to Christian theology, without denying the Platonism of N'Agustí. N'Agustí to happen in Thomas was undetectable by a change of common mortals, was a change that affected only the experts in theology.

The Catholic Church is radically militaristic; at all times, if you can, try to destroy physically, militarily, their ideological opponents. On the other hand, not left to convince any reasoning. She stays with her incommovible dogmatic. Do not ever retract their mistakes and ask forgiveness for their crimes (see text The Catholic Church). To date, the tomisme remains the official philosophy of the Church. According to the textbooks, is the Philosophia perennis.

According to the official teaching and encyclopedias, philosophy and science of the Middle Ages are represented by a bunch of brothers appearing as distinguished theologians and philosophers. We understand that a woman in those times was dark by the light because of the desire of the church culture. Manipulation is a historic match that of the historiography of the Catholic Church. During those centuries, the thought remained hostage to the Church. Everyone thought - including that of science - which is the official Rome was prosecuted ex officio (by the Holy Office). Not only that the new thinking and science are advancing slowly, but the instruments of ideological control any attempt to stifle innovation. Even the Lutheran revolution, those universities were the nest of reactionary thinking. New ideas always emerged out of the universities is more, universities are engaged in challenging them.

Catharism of Occitània was the first major attempt to break the despotism of the Catholic Church. The second attempt was the Lutheran revolution. Reform Cathar remained for over two centuries before being esclafada. Rome proclaimed the crusade against Christians vegetarians who preach evangelical life, and the King of France was the executing arm of the genocide occitan. Furthermore, the dream of a union between Catalonia and was Occitània manu Militare vanished.

Thesis: Throughout history, well into modernity, the social reform projects were always of the religion of the ma; mostly, the new ideology that caused profound historical changes are presented dressed for reform of religious and non-philosophical theory.

During the Renaissance it seemed that in the end it broke the ideological despotism of the Catholic Church. Everywhere around emerging innovations and new ideas that broke the prevailing ideology. But despite the prestige of the Renaissance authors, the Catholic Church, felt themselves in danger, began an endless war - all wars of concrete and effective - against modernity. Moreover, the peasants and the working classes of Europe came to little scales called the Renaissance. The vast majority of people continued to farm with his miserable life always subject to civil and ecclesiastical powers. And the peasant revolts were not in any way influenced by Renaissance ideas.

Thesis: the so-called Protestant Reformation must be understood as the breaking of the large domain of the traditional power and the beginning of the modern movement.

The Revolution was able to break Lutheran, in the end, the despotism of the Catholic Church. Revolution, not reform, it must be said, because Luther would move beyond the reform of the church or schism. Ideological revolution, because the doctrine of Martin Luther in the first set of stone that was modernity: freedom of conscience. In Luther not only expresses a feeling, but argues that the way of their arguments contain the essential elements of what would be the modern thought. A diet of Worms, in front of the Emperor Charles, in answer to the question of the Pope never whether or not to retract his declarations, Luther did in his famous statement: ... I'm tied to the texts that I provided, my conscience is captive to the word of God. Revoke any way, nor do I want it. Why act against own conscience is neither safe nor honest ... The next day, the world learns of the rejection of Luther in the authority of Rome. Proclaim liberty to the Christian, established freedom of conscience. It was rebellion against the power of Rome.

The thesis on which I In Luther, the luteranisme and Calvinism are the keys to understand the overall intent of this letter of mine.

Thesis: It was the thought of Martin Luther in the move that made the world, the world of ideas and the process of history.

Before deploying the meaning of this announcement, I forward to see that there is no room for any sign of idealism.

Thesis: In thinking of Martin Luther was a product of German society from the sixteenth century.

All the tension and conflicts of societies that make up the German Empire - which also included the Netherlands (Holland) - at the beginning of the sixteenth century made up the life and work of Luther In. Each time, Luther had in the influences of their environment that was very wide scope, the influence of family, of working class; influence the behavior of peasants and the working class, the influence of ideas and feelings that spring to environments church and university was moving on. You should also understand that Luther was in capturing the spirit of active commercial German cities. I also think that we were the decisive influence of the German nobility who have the political power.

Textbooks and encyclopedias At present Luther as a theologian and religious reformer, but as a thinker, as if his presence had not been framed within the history of philosophy. What I said is that the thought of Luther in very decisively affected the philosophy and opened the way to what would be the modern and the new philosophy.

Thesis: It was in the ideas of Luther, which shocked the world in the ideas of Luther and not those of the history books of philosophy as the great outstanding philosophers of the time (of N'Erasme Rotterdam, for example).

Thesis: We must be denounced and remove the trap of great history books of the conservative philosophy of die that give validity to the ideas that have not had any social significance. They hide the ideas that move the world of six hundred and presented as true ideas that really do not move the will of men.

There are all ideological manipulation devices that are afraid to give validity to a supposed philosophical ideas that have no correlation to the real society (as is the case in Descartes, we will see below).

In Luther was the one who argued in a clear and distingible on the inconsistency of the infallibility of the Pope (In other, less well known, had advanced on the subject matter, but that no other intellectual merit In a society of Luther). In Luther argued, argued and quite genuine intellectual strength, and argues, at once, and convinces all his sister. Its frightening dialectic Rome. The response of the Roman Curia consisted not in the attempt to patent the mistakes of the doctrine of Luther, but in the bull of excommunication of Luther's personal. The excommunicate answered with the publication of Against the execrable bull of Antichrist (The word Antichrist is referred to the Pope, of course). Rome warmonger around the same old tactics, the physical destruction of the enemy.

My ratings on At Luther should not be a scholar as a Professor of Philosophy. The topic you propose is not in whether Luther is more or less important. My thesis that the aim is to indicate what the thread of authentic history. What we want is to see the causes of the current ideological confusion and their agents. In Luther understand us well to follow the thread of history.

In the new Luther was never emotivisme the moral doctrine that is the distinctive mark of modern societies and combat doctrine for the Catholic Church to this day (but not a combat any but the most decisive and wider implications). In Luther studied at N'Aristòtil (The Thomas-tandem Aristotle was the science officer at the University). Luther criticizes N'Aristòtil. Although other authors had done it first, in Luther surprise to show their feelings with the reasoning; confesses to his friends - and leave a written - that I felt hatred for N'Aristòtil. He also said to feel hatred N'Erasme, who was the leader of the untouchable humanists throughout Europe. Not be considered as one of boutade At Luther. The manifestation of their feelings is in perfect line with the effectiveness of the new thinking. When the arguments against the theory of the infallibility of the Pope, not only says that the theory is wrong, adding that a theory is perverse.

It was at the Lutheran and Calvinist areas emerged on the Enlightenment. Those reformed Christians not only tolerate the progress of science and scientific, but it participated directly and decisively. Reform and more on Calvinism were the key ideological revolution. The Lutheran established the principle of freedom of conscience as a wall and take down the master apparatus of oppression of the Church of Rome. The Calvinists went beyond, the achievement consisted in Calvinist church built without a priesthood. Once freed from the yoke Catholic, not only was there an explosion of publishing the Bible in vernacular languages, all of hitherto banned books could be published so happened with the work of Copernicus and Galilei. N'Spinoza - Jewish religion - was expelled from the synagogue of Amsterdam, but was able to deploy their activities freely without being persecuted or molested by the Dutch administration, and in Descartes decided to establish their residence in The Hague a year.

With the triumph of the British Revolution, in Locke returned to England from his exile in Holland and he was able to publish his work. In thinking of Locke, would soon become part of the dominant ideology in Britain, but we must see that his speech about the moral emotivisme exposure was a thought that was dominant among the masses of 'England and Scotland; In Locke was not philosophical but shaped, developed and cultivated in a thought that it was effective in the Revolution, and was contained within the established democratic constitution. With the arguments of Locke in the ideological debate back to the sound that was in the time of Pericles in Athens for. The moral emotivisme not only established the theoretical basis of the democratic system but annulled the philosophy that had dominated for over a thousand years. The moral intelligence lectualisme BATEO rotates, all the major figures of philosophy went to the museum of history. Organizations tomistes - Catholic - were the most severely affected. In Thomas and N'Aristòtil remained only within the most conservative universities.

Eight hundred, became the reality of the French intellectual who fled the Inquisition and a refugee in England, as in In Rousseau and Voltaire, for example. Initially, the French Enlightenment was a result of the British; translates the works of philosophy and scientific information from English into French but not the other way around, mostly. The first illustrated encyclopaedia was the British, the project of making a French version was changed by the project to make a new one that was the origin of the famous French encyclopedia. The Encyclopedie of Diderot and D'Alembert was a taste of combat that menaven illustrated the French against the Catholic Church.

The British Enlightenment appeared as a result of the victory of democracy. The British had already been released to the Catholic threat. Illustrated the British were not in ideological combat against the Anglican Church because they were Protestants, had established religious tolerance, even agnosticism was allowed. In Locke family was puritanical, and it is not the case that declared agnostic, but still defended the idea that one could prove the existence of God through Laos. In Hume, however, displays the empiricism to an extreme that is in conflict with the dominant ideology in British society, but the books were not in Hume prohibited. In democratic societies resulting from the reformed church, established a state of permanent conflict between the hegemonic ideology - derived from the reforms - and the new ideology that was agnostic said for the first time in the work of Hume . A long historical period in which Protestant theologians and church entered into a renewed ideological war on the defensive against the constant progress of the agnostic and skeptical ideology, a term that lasts until today. Although the reformed churches of beautiful antemano made solemn declarations that religion was not dogmatic in matters scientific immiscir not managed to fulfill their good intentions. Particularly explosive was the reaction of Protestant theologians against the theories of Charles Darwin, on this occasion, the reform coincided with the Catholics. Incidentally, this ideological conflict dragged on until today, with the offensive of neo-Americans.

In eight hundred, the British had established the separation of powers to its political system, the French, however, were satisfied to read works undercover, was Montesquiu In The Spirit of publishing laws in Geneva and anonymously (Amsterdam and Geneva were published on the books banned in France). The illustrated French were fighting the Church and against the absolute monarchy, the avidity with continued progress of the British Enlightenment, but reformers were not about the church (on the other hand, the Huguenots - the Calvinist French - had been finally defeated in 1610, the Catholic Church had won the war, remember that the killing of the Night of Saint Bartholomew was against Huguenots in the year 1572). The French were illustrated mostly agnostics or Deister, and were particularly critical of the Catholic Church. It was notable belligerence that of Voltaire in his letters signed to fight with the infamous expression écrassez where infamous was the Catholic Church. The French Enlightenment in the UK is ahead in the intensification of agnosticism or deism, his denunciation of Catholicism to spread religions in general, and the criticism of the Bible also affected the reformed churches. In Hume had highlighted the lack of guarantees about miracles; In Voltaire, explained in the Bible, with his sarcastic comments showed that the holy book does not match the science or common sense. Voltaire's book went immediately to the Index of prohibited books (with the triumph of Franco's Crusade, The Bible explained by Voltaire in the Universe desaparecio Spanish, that is, was withdrawn from the library, is a disturbing fact that the current hostage continue the work of Voltaire, and in this book can not be found in libraries or not to fund publications. There has to suspect that there must be secret clauses in the existing Concordat with the Spanish Government the Vatican). The French Republic was a failure, but the regime that followed Napoleon always acted as if it was the legitimate heir of the Enlightenment and the Revolution. The institutions of the Ancien Regime were swept. The army, education, the University administration, the judiciary and other institutions responded to the spirit of Kevin Enlightenment (Violent Parisian centralism). The biggest success of the revolution consisted in canceling the power of Rome; France was forever freed from the infamous oppression really Catholic; France became secular paradigm of society, hence the French Enlightenment exert a certain fascination about the Catholic countries of the South, as was the case in Spain and Catalonia.

The philosophy empiricism became hegemonic in England eight hundred; hegemonic physical in the sense of the word: not only became a predominant empiristes author, but the State Administration match empirista model, the moral theory emotivisme the body charged in the social and political institutions. Private conduct was not justified by, established the principle of moral freedom, while not breaking the law. Established that the law would be an expression of the will of the majority and freedom of individuals and minorities should be guaranteed, the laws that emanate from feelings of men. Furthermore, the model established empirista of science in all areas of society, and indeed had invalidated the pseudo-Aristotelian science-tomista. However, it should be noted that the British universities were in the rear of the scientific revolution, in Newton and his colleagues conducted their research outside the University of Cambridge, where he studied and where still dominated by the Aristotelian philosophy (You should also know that major scientific discoveries, mostly, are produced outside the universities).

Enlightenment carried out a campaign in favor of empirical science and the application of science to benefit humanity and the exaltation of the machines and technology. Undoubtedly, the movement illustrated in France had a special significance. Enlightenment unfolds as a colossal force confessed that the goal was the transformation of society was the secular equivalent of what the reforms were Lutheran.

It is worth noting that many of its most distinguished members belonged to the nobility (eg, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Condorcet, d'Holbach, Jaucourt). Although it was assumed that scientists, especially, took a party favor of the Enlightenment, the archetypal figure of illustrated correspond to a self-taught scholar, with a wide range of intellectual interests academics and scientists involved in the dissemination of ideas of the Enlightenment through all types of resources that allow to get the message illustrated in the cultivated population, resources, namely books, pamphlets, education, athenaeums, letters, conversations, lectures, newspapers and magazines and the Encyclopedie. The opinions of the illustrated forming a wide range of social and political, since they would reform the system of monarchical republics to sign libertarian communists, the ideological diversity fit the social diversity of the enlightened segments of the social and represented. Moreover, the working class not involved with the enthusiasm of both positivist ideals of the Enlightenment, and still less the great peasant masses who constitute the bulk of the population of France.

Despite the differences, there was a point around which the illustrated force converge and charging: consisted of the exaltation of reason. The reason in terms of capacity the human mind, as a means to escape the dogmatism and superstition, but also as a guide to go the way of science and society to build a more wise, just and happy. The era saw the intellectual impact with the publication of the theory of universal gravitation in Newton. If mankind could solve the laws of the universe, the way was open also to discover the laws that lying within nature and society. It was assumed that by a sensible use of reason, progress may be unlimited, progress in knowledge, in technical achievement and its impact on values and morals. Undoubtedly, the most illustrious of French have placed in the flow of positivism, but with notable exceptions such as for example in or Marat in Rousseau, and Saint-Simon, in his second season .

With the exaltation of reason in a little criticism, the French Enlightenment starting practice on intellectual property was easy to fall into the uses of the Platonic dialectic. Let us look at some examples:

In the case of René Descartes. It seems that the bell advance the theory of seven hundred due in Descartes considered as a precedent movement illustrated and gave to understand that their philosophy considered as the beginning of the age of Reason. In the work of Descartes, there were in all essential materials which focused on words of the type of reason, rational, rationalism, ideas, clear and distinct ideas, method, mathematics, reasoning, science, mechanics, geometry and others, all taken in great esteem by the enlightened. The image of Descartes as a retired World Wise and worldly values, with a life entirely given to the study of science and became an icon for the French illustrated (Well, it's hard to know what was the true historical reality) . Moreover, this image was reinforced by wise historical fact that his books had been posthumously condemned by the Catholic Church. Descartes would be declared in one of the initiators of modern science (Based on publishing a book on geometry and one on optics), and its philosophy, rationalism, and the philosophy of modernity. In Descartes entered the main gateway to the pantheon of French scholars and has remained there until today (currently in the official program of teaching of philosophy in France, Spain and Catalonia, in Descartes continues included as one of ten or twelve most important philosophers in history. This is another example of the weakness of the universe of French and Spanish, and Catalan. The Power of French and Spanish will follow - and keep even today - of all mechanisms and devices to maintain and strengthen their historical mythology; rutlla no such mechanisms to seek out the historical truth, quite the contrary, one of its functions is to marginalize or eliminate any information or argument that, according to their scales, question or contradict the official historical truth).

In Locke established the principle of no innate ideas; Hume brought in more than enough arguments to show the inconsistency of the Cartesian method. Indeed, the method was a master piece which was the idea of God as an innate idea, clear and distinct, and no, it was not well, that was the idea of God originated and was confused. Indicates, Hume, who asserted the existence of God from the idea of God was not a demonstration but a petitio principio unacceptable. If the idea of cause is unclear, and whether the relationship between cause and effect in the experimental field is a pure verbal expression, even without the claim because of an alleged cause for which we can not do any experiment .

Although we do not know what was the real influence of the writings of Descartes in the illustrated, what matters is to emphasize that the French Enlightenment was fed a tendency toward idealism that entroncava with Platonism . Mouth filled with the right word, but were not very demanding with his philosophical literature. Worships the goddess Reason, but really, what were they trivialize the philosophical discourse; enough that it be declared an advocate of reason and freedom against despotism to be considered in its own right as illustrated. The ideology of the French Enlightenment, and all declared themselves heir to the British, blurring and / or marginalizing the basic concept of the moral emotivisme of empiricism (which had emotivisme moral roots in luteranisme). So marked a profound thought cracking between the French and British. Similarly, it marks the difference between positivism and Anglo-French.

It is hoped that someday in the future in a global world, equality and socialist, will be canceled these false Universos constructed by the cultural, based on circumstantial interests of Power. Established what was then the true significance of N'Auguste count. Currently, the textbooks listed Spanish as one of the great philosophers as the founder of Positivism (In this sense, we can say that the French are in luck: it has achieved many major encyclopedias listed as originating in two large French currents of philosophy). I suspect the intentions of the French and Spanish handlers. It is a Saint-Simon so well endowed with human resources and intellectual and very novel Lescar is postponed to the gallery of illustrious men to Count On a gray man, secretary and disciple of Saint -Simon, a formation with very limited intellectual, a man of ideas rather obtuse and reactionary. There are great thinkers who do not the smallest reference count in, such as in Marx. Apparently, in Comte would be listed as a dark illustration of the second generation, those who had amargament see the poor results had been achieved before. Certainly, he denounced the situation of moral chaos and intellectual of the French society of his time, but from a corner and professedly antiobrer reactionary. His positive spirit of the work of a preacher Neoconservative where repeated tirelessly that the working class is not trustworthy, should be guided, to be educated with a positive program to serve the new capitalist class. In the proposed count was supposed to save the moral corruption in the working class by training social capitalist. Commonly, the Positivism is defined with the current philosophy that says that the only valid source of knowledge is of empirical science with mathematics. In Comte proposed to add a new science that would be the social physics, sociology. Social physics comtiana wanted to solve the labor problem which was a menace to society.

The positivism is presented as a continue of empiricism; empirista approach reflects the understanding that the metaphysics is not possible as a science and provides a unique way of knowing which is the empirical sciences. The positivism became hegemonic. At the end of the nineteenth century, was the dominant ideology in Europe, dominant ideology in the sense of the word strong, socially dominant. It's easy to see that even the most conservative countries had adopted the positivist to the organization and the university education system (in the Spanish end of the century, although the continued traditional oligarchy monopolized power also established, in fact, positive. The Spanish government established a contuberni between Catholic ideology and positive. In this era of Franco contuberni was even more spectacular. It was an ideological campaign Catholic permanent, while the education provided by the positive sciences and promotes the dissemination of scientific knowledge, a university chairs in philosophy taught tomisme as the perennial philosophy, but the universities had a design positivism, so that the faculties of science were the most positive value). For other part such contuberni was not exclusive to Spain, to other States or conservative, even reactionary was given this mating. The rise of positivism was irresistible throughout, accompanying the new world order emerged from the Industrial Revolution (industrially backward countries also hastens to imitate the scientific positivism).

As to the empiricism, positivism is shown that for metaphysics is not possible as a science and therefore, neither theology nor ethics are possible as a science. The positivism put the emphasis on the cultivation of social science and especially in the application of science to production and management of the company. But from the beginning, introducing concepts that shun science positive. A In the work of Comte can be seen more easily. In Comte, ingènuament establishes a series of postulates on which the speech unfolds. Assumes that the working class is the class most suitable and prepared to cultivate the positive sciences, that the upper classes tend to engage in metaphysics or theology, which is characteristic of the middle class dedication to literature ; that the positivism of the working class will result in a new moral order, that the workers are few agents of the great moral, and thus he descabdellant his naïve sociological cabbage. In Comte also assumes - is postulated - that the future will do a physical social, scientific sociology, through which avoid or resolve social conflicts in an orderly manner and without violence. Positivist literature tent to support the conservative ideology in social situations of confrontation or classes of revolutionary situations. We will see later that the project of making a physical social messages platonic sign, that flees his own principles by appeal to idealism.

The history of philosophy presents Rationalism as a philosophical currents from thinking in Descartes. It stressed that this is a very venturesome current that unlike the other had no current representation any social nor specific partnerships managed by making a comparison to clarify what I mean: In the thinking of Thomas Aquinas, the Tomisme was recognized as the official philosophy of the Catholic Church and sorghum all associations stated that tomistes; thinking in Descartes, however, was not recognized as suitable for any social formation, the situation was given the other most famous thinkers of this, followed faithfully in the doctrine of Aquinas and did not even dare to make any significant amendments. Were limited to comments and interpretations of the doctrine of the master. Within the current rationalist, however, the great philosopher annulled or correct the thinking of his predecessor, and established his own philosophical system as a base first of all philosophy of the future (for a scholastic thought that he would have fallen into trap of 'In Satan).

No representation had no social or social consequences resulting therefrom, I said, that the work of these great rationalist philosophers are distributed only among small circles of people who cultivated philosophy, in that it does not given the popular versions of cartesianisme or espinosisme, popular versions is that it gave a thoroughly tomistes formations.

The idealism - or, also said German idealism - was a target similar to the called Rationalism. Well, actually, called Rationalism but was not an idealist philosophy, it would be mistaken to the current authors rationalist idealist and the idealists. In Kant begins the idealism from philosophy in the Wolf, a version of rationalism, and which at the time was predominant in the German universities.

With the triumph of luteranisme, the German universities had been freed from the tutelage of Rome and the ecclesiastical control, the chairs of philosophy be left shameful heritage of religious orders (Until then, each order according to their hierarchy within the system Roman Catholic power, reserved to provide care chairs the university was that if a heritage of power. It was the Pope and the Bishops, ultimately, who indicated what should be the priority tasks of the moment. So For example, the University of Paris under the control of the Archbishop, then the condemnation expressed in works of Descartes).

Made Lutheran reform, the German universities, without the tutelage of Rome is rid of tomisme, which was replaced by an idealistic philosophy that matches the prevailing Lutheran theology. Furthermore, the new freedom allowed the spread of physical Galilei, was in complete disarray withdrawal of troops and N'Aristòtil In Thomas. The free dissemination of the theory of physics in Newton meant the final blow to the aristotelisme. But in Lutheran Germany, the Enlightenment progressed to a very moderate pace without breaking the border of the idealistic philosophy of Wolf In.

The appearance of the work of Hume in, put the crisis in idyllic situation that was German philosophy. As in Kant, the reading of the research on understanding the human awoke from his dream dogmatic; accepted the basic approach of the theory of knowledge empirista that all ideas have their origin in the feelings, there is no innate ideas and that metaphysics is not possible as a science. However, in Kant devoted his energies to finding a way to break or exceed those contained in the essential empiricism. It was not the case that at no time wanted to be the representative of the German empiricism. In Kant was educated in pietisme Luther, and had begun studies of theology at the University of Königsberg, continued to be a believer Luther throughout his life. With the thought of Kant which began as the coneiux German idealism. In a slow, thought of by Kant was dominant in the faculties of German philosophy. In the Kant seemed that he had found a way - idealistic - through which they could combine modernity - that their eyes were represented by the empiricism - the most sacred values of Lutheran theology.

In Kant sought to move beyond the skepticism of Hume in, trying to prove that this idea of the cause was inconsistent, but not put into question the guarantee of our sensations, the empirical data, the world through our senses. The achievement of Kant was to show that, in fact, we have no guarantee of the accuracy of the empirical data, the data that give us our senses. According to the Review has concluded that the feeling does not pass a supposed reality outside the self, one's own conscience, but are a consequence, a result of the sensory activity of the self, the subject received the stimuli from the outside world. Kant had made in its basic logic (called the Transcendental Aesthetic), which occurs between the phenomena and the noumeno - the phenomenon and the thing itself - depends on this, stated that the sensitivity of the subject is a part active in the formation of the phenomenon, we can not find or establish a method to compare the phenomenon and the thing itself, it is not possible to know the thing itself, that can not be a true science, that humans we are necessarily in a world fenomènic (M'avanço that in the boot of Kant is false, that the initial analysis does not withstand a rigorous logic. The so-called thing itself is a pure invention. It's not just that science does not recognize this concept, in Kant has a misuse of language, how would the logical positivism, see how it produces the incorrect: indeed, the sensitivity of our system responds to a load of energy we call physical stimuli; certainly without a specific stimulus is not given a sense, would not occur the phenomenon, but is wrong to use logic in several of the same thing using different names, so what is a load of energy physics, called the stimulus In Kant calls the thing in itself, but uses a different thing happening in itself be understood as a kind of essence or being in the way of N'Aristòtil. To say that we can not know this noumeno is stated we can not see the stimuli, but this statement fits the science that distinguishes positive things to different stimuli and sensations, and that it is aware of the stimuli. Posem than radio waves are the electrical stimulus sufficient to produce a sound sense: it is clear that something is the sound waves and a different sensation caused in the subject, it is clear that good science is devoted to the study of incentives as stimuli, as they are loads of energy, and feelings in response of the subject. Certainly, the sensitivity of each different animal species will result in a variety of sensations; not feel the same dog that a person in response to a stimulus, but research on the diversity of sensations does not cause any confusion. The physics studies and classifies all types of sound waves, which stimulate the human ear and not, also, empirical psychology studies the human sensitivity.

Stressing the wrong approach to Kant: For science, it is meaningless to ask the noumeno - the thing itself - as something other than the stimulus, does not make sense to assume that the stimuli are familiar, in fact, a Consequently, a derivative of something that would be named noumeno. The Kantian fallacy: Understand that the sensitivity of the subject is separate and independent of the alleged noumeno. Science In reply to Kant: the only world there is the feeling, the sensations are real, the sensitivity of animal - and thus also of humans - there according to their vital needs by to survive, living organisms must be able to give correct answers to the surrounding medium, responses to physical stimuli that are perceived by their sensitivity. In Kant il'Idealisme make a kind of divinització subject al'extrema confusion and come to affirm the world - a world fenomènic - as a creation of the subject.

Kant is swallowed into the sleeve of the pure intuition of space and the pure intuition of time, concepts with which he was able to deploy the formidable juggling the Transcendental Aesthetic. Accordingly, it would be the subject - the human subject - the sort who phenomena according to their pure intuition of time and space. Positive science, however, understand that the subject is the one who fits the space and time, who, since birth, he learns to move correctly within the time and space coordinates.

The Critique of Kant's proposal was declared to establish a new Platonism to justify the faith and moral Lutheran, is that although we can not shun the world fenomènic, we can display a true knowledge of self, we can analyze and systematically study the only thing if that is within our grasp, the subject on my own. While stating that metaphysics was not possible as a science, while stating the existence of God and the human soul as postulates. I had opened the way to search for moral truth, of moral understanding as a result of intellectual inquiry in the manner of Socrates-Plato and all the contents of moral pietisme Luther found accommodation in the imperative theory categorically, that the moral law in Kant felt inside.

The German Lutheran could feel intellectually strengthened the Kantian way. Lutheran theologians could grow the new science noumeno protected from the advances of empirical science. The kantisme not stop the German figure is limited to make a reservation for the cultivation of theology and morality. It was in fact a kind of coexistence between positivism - pervading all Illustration - the cultivation of empirical science, enthusiasm for the application of science and beginning of the industrial revolution, on the one hand, and idealism on the other. In Kant was an example of this coexistence, it is stated and illustrated followed with interest the progress of science.

In Germany, where an aristocracy still hegemonic, the German Idealism - Kant, Fichte, Schelling, Hegel - was seen as a renewal of philosophy and the Enlightenment, but was an ideological renewal but did not give good social and political backwardness of Germany (social, farmers continued to privileges under the new and prestigious industrial workers have no rights, and political, that strong democratic reforms were superficial) was a philosophical movement that did not represent any threat to the German government. Kant's thinking was in practice in what might be a pure statement of intent, a pure formality.

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, representing the culmination of German Idealism. Since 1812, in the ideas of Hegel began to shine in Germany celestial sphere. The race was a Hegelian collective fascination with the German academic world. The enthusiasm that resulted in Hegel also included ideological circles and seminaries of the Lutheran Church (In Hegel also studied theology at the seminary at the University of Tübingen). And most important, it gave the political power and the pleasure to see his work and as a meteor amounted to a professorship at the University of Berlin. The success of exploded in the framework of Hegel also covers the most radical ideological circles, and so, soon, we talk about hegelianisme left to distinguish it from the conservative circles that were more properly Hegelian . The philosophy of Hegel came in like a glove for the project by powerful rulers Prussiani. The kingdom of Prussia the kind of project was the German State, which reached its fulfillment in the year 1871, with the proclamation of the German Reich, the German State (In Europe the beginning of the century, the sister was a conglomerate of very diverse political, continuation of the former German Empire. With the Reich, established a federal state modern German national).

For the first time featured a philosophy that not denied the truth of the previous philosophical systems. In The Phenomenology of Spirit, the philosophy was explained as a result of deployment of the Absolute Spirit (who sell to God), so the diversity of philosophical systems were viewed as being part of a single ideological deployment encompassing religions, systems of philosophy and scientific conceptions. The Spirit is displayed within the story, and also historical events were manifestations of the Spirit. The spirit is displayed through the action of men, of all the actions of men. The story ceased to be a collection of Res Gestae and the objective of the study of history was to understand the laws that determine the sound historical processes. It was the popular expression that says that reality is rational and the rational is real. Hegel gave in response to the concerns of the Lutheran seminary and the university concerned, seemed to light a new light with the most dark and now the Lutheran beats may find more justification to Mal; Terror Jacobs was explained as a necessary moment of the process of the French Revolution. The Lutheran could accept the idea of the French Revolution that provided in Hegel, the French Revolution was considered a time to deployment of the Spirit, but was not the end of history, the end of universal history was the creation of German state as a result of the Germanic Christianity. In Hegel explains that the four major events in history that were universal: the emergence of Christianity, the Lutheran Reformation, the French Revolution and the Enlightenment Germany. Lutheran Students were excited about this literature. For the rulers of Prussia in the work of Hegel was a magnificent response to literature antimonàrquica of the French Enlightenment, and a response from modernity; made of Hegel in a modern recording and exceeded the Enlightenment French. Based In Hegel, the moral and real freedom should be the building that were to Luther Prussian State, the State can only be the guarantor of morality and freedom. Moreover, the beautiful antemano Prussiani the monarchy had played a great enlightened despotism.

The enthusiasm for thinking in Hegel is not translated into any social movement to which may be described as Hegel. The Hegelian, and right from left, are limited to support - or to criticism - to the various movements, but on an individual basis, without forming any party or organization specifically Hegelian. If anything, was the Lutheran Church and the State Administrators Prussian major producers of ideas Hegel.

The apotheosis from the philosophy of Hegel is in the top of its rapid collapse. On the death of In Hegel, the Hegelian disappears, the great champion, farmer and heir to the dialectic, Karl Marx was in, that is, a denial that was the idea of Spirit, the theory of dialectical materialism . After In Hegel, there was no great philosopher Hegel nor strictly companies that declared Hegelian. However, in the second half of the nine hundred appeared powerful philosophical movement that expressed his criticism in the work of Hegel, Schopenhauer was in one of the most passionate in rejecting not qualify under the de-pseudofilosofia . Marx said that in his materialist dialectics Hegelian dialectic was placed face down. Lenin and later Marxists again aroused the interest in the thought of Hegel, in Lenin greatly stimulate interest in the way that the author stated that without knowing in the work of Hegel could not understand Marx; N'Herbert Marcuse, the most influential philosophers of the Frankfurt School, was certainly the most who claimed the validity of thinking in Hegel.

The dialectic is used by Hegel in a way to show the deployment of the Spirit - as the work done in Phenomenology of Spirit -. In dialectical logic applied to history, in Hegel becomes the prestidigitator of universal history. Any process under the historical analysis shows the logic in what Hegel wanted to prove in advance. All the predictions that s'acompleixen (For Marx, as heir to the Hegelian dialectic, also exhibit its extraordinary juggling skills of history).

Despite the extraordinary diffusion of thinking in Hegel, not resulting from any social movement that declared Hegel. But some of their concepts are different discourses of conservative ideology and the Marxist. It is noted that the expression of the concept and spirit of the people had the fortune of modern sign fascist formations, called the spirit of the national training school for Franco was a popular drift of the iceberg originating Hegel, what explained to the classes of NPS on the Diversity of national spirit, and that each village has a historical destiny was Hegelian theory, the magnificent historical destiny of the Spanish people - in which José Antonio had been the prophet - a text that had Hegelian and the brand was eixí: Spain is a destination in the world. Every village, every nation has a mission and the mission to Spain was to spread and defend the spiritual values and the mainly Roman Catholic (it could be a surprise that Jose Antonio could have access to the thought of Hegel, but not was such a thing, the fen and in the literature of Primo de Rivera were drinking directly from the abundant literature mussoliniana fascist (in Giovanni Gentile, the Italian expression hegelianisme, was a leading intellectual of the regime of Mussolini.)

I think the critical positivist In Hegel's philosophy is superficial. Certainly, many of the key statements in the thought of Hegel are easily challenged, those that refer to the physical world, would be challenged by the physical sciences (If the time of the treaties were already outrageous physics at present are shame others. In Hegel's philosophy is developed as a whole of science, that does not support the division between philosophy and science; understand how a whole, as a single science. With the Nature of Philosophy gives a kind physics, astronomy, chemistry and natural science as an alternative to the good of science. As all know the wise, is considered wise to fully competent to deal with more complex issues of science of nature . So, is not making a criticism of the theory of Universal Gravitation Newton's criticism as if the two were colleagues in the field of astronomy, physics and mathematics. Indeed, in Hegel, the his treatise on physics, makes numerous citations from the works of physicists and mathematicians. On the other hand, Newton's book is presented as a philosophy with the title Philosofiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. From its position of scientific authority, in Hegel rejected claims of Newtonian physics. And so, a statement comes out completely discolored period, such as when waged in Newton (on the theory of white light) is'expressa I say not only the barbarism, but the incorrectness impropietat and the observations and experiments in Newton, not least its insulsesa, and even more, as demonstrated in Goethe, his bad faith.

Regarding his historical predictions Planamar set forth, we can see that is currently not upheld. One might say that historical events have revealed the inconsistency of their predictions (Well, similarly passed with predictions of Marx in).

The fascination that caused in the work of Hegel was not casual. We can say - and I agree - that some of the great German philosopher's ideas have permeated the entire culture and thinking back, that is, not only has had some major influence on later philosophers, are more certain of ideas contributed to the formation of the modern intellectual landscape and still in full use. Let me give an example: the concept of Hegel's history as a deployment and as a reason. The novelty offered in Hegel was surely irresistible for the first time we could try to understand the historical processes, history would be an accumulation of rerum Gestae. With its formidable literature, in Hegel, in his lectures on the history the name says - it is repeated many times - ... because it is the desire to accumulate knowledge, but understanding the rational of the knowledge, what constitutes the necessity subjective prompting the study of science (p. 47). The proposal was made in Hegel historical science in the sense of discovery, to understand why the history was the story of a process, and the agent was a historic town - in the sense of nation - certain; the people were the protagonists. Were involved in deployment of instruments of the Spirit, the people made an impression, every village had a historical mission and took out a mission that coincided with the deployment of the Spirit. Within this Hegelian story, every village has one moment of glory, the moment passed, never to rise again.

In Hegel broke conservative historiography, which presented the story as a source of useful examples for moral education of youth, provided plenty of examples of moral Boness, or examples of the cause of the disaster which was the evil of men (even now it is not uncommon for the speech to beat Avins postulated that the young people the knowledge of malvestat of a particular historical fact, so that it never happens again, say the beats and right of left). In Hegel, however, has a devastating against civilians hagiography, and try new light on the ideas that really move the story. A good example is the paragraph where it says: In Caesar was more accurate idea of who responded to the name of Roman Republic. Did you know the laws and auctoritas of Dignitas, which should be supreme, Burlada were made and were delivered to the discretion of private ... If we'd heard in Cicero, nothing had happened. In Caesar knew that the Republic was a lie, which in Cicero just empty speeches, it was a new way to replace that empty building (the name of history, pp. 135).

In Hegel provided a formidable instrument in the ideological power and the conservative German Lutheran Church, a new instrument that tradition was shattered. It is the great innovator, but serving the interests of the State Builders German. Ultimately, for Hegel At the end of the story is universal Germanic Christianity. So in his work is a dualism between the complaint of a beaten side and absurd attempt to rationalize the irrational.

With In Hegel's philosophy and the study of history entered a new dimension. Blessed was swept conservative, but also enlightened. There was a tradition to celebrate the literature of the Roman Empire, so that the crimes were presented in Rome as accidents of history, the Roman Empire was rated as one of the major constructions of the universal history, and the study of the Latin language was still considered essential. The French Enlightenment is often presented as a modern version of the new economic discourse that Hegel was trying to highlight the dialectic of the historical process, removing the emotions and showing the horrible face of historical reality. The story ceased to be a splendid garden was cultivated civic virtues and showed his hideous face. It deployed in Hegel's theory of dialectical and Mr. Serf system based on slavery of the Roman Empire. The old philosophy ceased to be a collection of free ways of truth and virtue. Thus, in Hegel with the stoicism became a necessary moment in history, was not the case there was a distinguished gentlemen who have written books estoiques ideas, but the deployment of the idea was universal. Clarifying what is says ... as a form of the universal spirit of the world, the stoicism could only arise in a time of universal fear and servitude, but also of universal culture ... (Phenomenology of Spirit, pp. 123).

In some passages of his review of the universal history, demonstrates the tremendous capacity of penetration and the declaration of its independence; freely overridden only once in a thousand years of tradition blessed, in a few short paragraphs starting to define what was meaning the Roman Empire in the course of universal history. Thus, in an appendix on the Roman world of his book The Reason in history, left saying ... The contradiction is, the side of the aristocracy, in superstition and the affirmation of a violent cold and eager and the democratic side as corruption Plebs. Such dissolution causes misery and death of life ethics.

In the work of Hegel had a dazzling success, but his only thought to affect academic circles and the Lutheran theologians, and, as I said, had no immediate social consequences. The Administration Prussiani - that is, the power - not introduced significant reforms that were a result of thought Hegel. The syllabuses of the of the various Germanic areas, in practice, were not affected by the Hegelian philosophy. On the death of Hegel, the chairs of philosophy and theology were not the identity Hegelian On the contrary, there was an explosion of philosophical lines of different sign or contrast: to continue or idealism Kantis Hegel, Hegelian d left, the empiricism and the German line of thought opened by In In Nietzsche and Schopenhauer, and other lines.

With the thought of Karl Marx in, which seemed to end philosophy interpretation of being left in the world and became an instrument for transforming the world, as he proposed. After the triumph of the October Revolution, Marxism appeared as the official philosophy of the communist regimes and was present in most parts of the world. The leaders of the great USSR explicit statement that they built a society with socialist inspired in the ideas of Karl Marx.

The unexpected defeat of the communist regimes, accelerated the crisis of Marxism. However, today, Marxism is still one of the great modern philosophies. It is indisputable that many ideological elements contributed by Marx are present in many of today's ideological discourse. On the other hand, Marxist thinking is still present in the Spanish and Catalan left. Pass the sieve of those concepts that I believe that Marxism is false and leads to confusion, with the intention to help clarify the English intellectual landscape.

Dialectical materialism. (However, N'Althusser, the seventies, but I wanted to convince us that this concept was a true Marxist science). Similarly to the in Hegel, in Marx's materialist dialectic of an instrument through which the history can not but confirm their thesis. With the aim to confirm their method Boness, Marx In selecting those historical processes that are appropriate and set aside those who do not.

Critics of the theory of religious alienation.

The enlightened French, mostly, positive thought religions as a result of ignorance, superstition, bigotry, fear, encouraged by a religious evil to deceive the people. Marx sought to pass on the idea of enlightened religion and not the dialectical materialism of Feuerbach In. For Marx alienation in religion was derived from a fundamental alienation, economic, an alienation that annulled the class struggle. In Marx put into historical example as the class struggle between the Roman patricians and slaves; understood that Christianity was the instrument of alienation, explained that the slaves moved to a perfect world what the real world events; instead of preparing a revolution against the patricians, remained an imaginary path that would lead to heaven, not to attempt to free herself for a real belief in a perfect release, the promise of eternal life and for the reward of glory. Marx called - In a review by Feuerbach - to replace the criticism of Heaven by critics of the Earth. In definitive Marx's theory and the Marxists have always stressed on making it to raise the issue of religion. But in the theory of Marx is inconsistent; give some examples to see it.

In Marx refers to the conditions of Roman slaves to ideology, that is, is not the case in which Marx makes use of knowledge about social history in the Roman world, reduces to the special historical ideological element, in concept, once mental operation is done, the puzzle of the Roman complexity is reduced to a simple algebraic analysis. In Marx it does get the story for its ideological schemes. Take the historical processes, in the disassembled pieces and manipulates these pieces until they fit in the boxes back. We must see that it is not difficult to find historical examples that do not abide, which do not observe the laws set forth.

In the first centuries of our Era, the danger of civil war in the Roman Empire by the conflict of interests between the patricians and plebeus.

In the first centuries, the areas where there were large pockets of slaves, which were markedly more agriculture-slavery, Christianity was nonexistent. The residents not the Christian Church gave the Christian name of the pagans, that is, those who inhabit the PAGUS, the field (PAGUS, etymological root of the word Catalan peasant, pagan, which became mean non-Christians).

It is not the case that the slaves of the Christian areas were the most likely to a class struggle or fight more vigorously for their release.

Throughout history, slaves have been a group that rarely has been up in arms. The phenomenon of the revolt of Spartacus (71 BC) should be studied in relation to the national situation of oppression that the people were from southern Italy. The great slave uprising in Sicily (135 BC) must be understood rather as a liberation war against the Sicilian Rome, as if it were a continuation of the Punic Wars. Similarly, Messinia revolts against the Spartans, the fourth century BC, should be understood as a liberation war (Era of the population that was esclavitzada Messinia)

Marx was in a very free use of the concept of religious alienation. Marx explains that in heaven an illusion of Christians is an inverted image and sublimated to hell real life slave or serve. Accordingly, the non-Christian masses alienated not follow the path of armed rebellion. But then it turns out that in Marx and the Marxists fail to explain or justify a completely different behavior of the masses, in the name of religion, rise in arms against the oppressors. In Marx and the Marxists failed to insist on describing the wars of liberation wars in coma religion.

I would be hard, it must explain that alienated religious right in this world to renounce and even trust each other, and suddenly take the sword and achieve their goals in this region, showing therefore that the alleged alienation - Based On Marx means - not prevent them from taking up arms and make a democratic revolution.

The enlightened French were satisfied with poor theories that explain why not for religion; were satisfied denouncing superstition and ignorance promoted by the Catholic Church, also made analysis of biblical texts, showing their contradictions and denounced as the absurd myths that had no meaning. The aim of this was illustrated destroy oppression submitted that the Catholic Church, is summed with the words of Voltaire in the infamous écrasez (squelch the damned) who signed the letters. Of course, those French were illustrated in an ideological war and we must suppose they thought it was good to introduce doubts about the goodness of their own ideological campaigns.

Those illustrated French could not explain how it was possible that the Enlightenment had begun in England and Scotland, the British were illustrated Lutheran training and / or puritanical, that the British had not come into conflict with the Anglican Church, which John Locke, the great illustrations and the great apostle of tolerance, was formed intellectually in a Calvinist environment, in which Locke had not apostatar. In Marx was able to explain either the mean of the Lutheran reform. The Marxists have always spent all the gunpowder in denouncing that Luther had the noble side in repressing the revolt of the peasants, and not being done in a alabança Thomas Muntz, contrasting it to Luther.

In Marx and the Marxists, to use his theory of class struggle, can not explain the Lutheran reform. If the German working classes, subject to the aristocracy, remained alienated by religious beuratge that gave the Church of Rome, head out to unleash a civil war among the nobility. If anything, the Marxists must think, secretly, that the Lutheran reform was in fact a revolt led by German nationalism.

Illustrated the French and the Marxist, for various reasons, left interest considering the fact that all peoples of the world are displayed on a set of their religious beliefs, and, similarly, large formations manifested social historical importance that they had for the Sacred Book. In Hegel had pointed out the contradictions of the concept of enlightened religion of France.

Religion understood as pure alienation in Marx's, or as a superstition and error that the French Enlightenment, followed by a drift intellectual on there was no progress in the understanding of the subject which was denied. A In the work of Hegel, however, many passages which are a clear attempt to advance knowledge of the real significance of religions - the religions, because they are plural in number and variety of uses - and its mechanisms . To make an appointment to show that Hegel's thinking is a kind of advance would be the twentieth-century anthropological studies of religions, says the Phenomenology of Spirit, pp. 417: The Painting and the altars of the gods are for use by man and the treasures kept in the temples are used to it, if necessary, and honor to God that he attributes in his ornament is the honor of artistically gifted people and magnanimous. In Hegel devotes much attention to the issue of the role of religion in all times, intended to show that men are those who believe the religion that every people and every culture, according to the historical time that live, have created their religion. I do not like or alienation as a superstition, or deceit, but religion as a practice - the cult - a bad or a social menace and a desire to ensure social cohesion. Incidentally, in the texts of Hegel are also meeting the concepts of tragedy and religion.

Sigmund Freud in one of the major initiators in opening the road to modernity in anthropological research on the origin and function of religion (surely, that the greater diffusion of the new concept). With the publication of Totem and taboo, in order to decrypt the enigma is the sacrifice of the god, one of the most educated; In Freud was understood that some cults were ritual magic - that is, assumed to be they had few real powers of salvation and physical - and that was an attempt to escape from the tragedy and the self. The tragedy in ethnographic alleged by Freud in the figure consisted of the brothers who had risen up against the authority of the patriarch - who was his father - and had the murder in order to gain access to women, who were his sisters, the second part of the tragedy was the war between brothers, which meant the destruction and disappearance of their own tribe. All modern research but do not confirm the assumptions in Freud. The animal studies indicate that many species of mammals are higher rates of tragedy similar to that described in Freud regarding the primitive human species. In one of the latest discoveries about the animal world, was displayed - and shoot! - The tragedy that occurs in the social organization of lions: how young males attacked and dethroned or killed the patriarch - who was his father - and the stronger and more determined to take the throne and was going to have of females, and as terrible and impressive detail, showed scenes in which the new king and systematically killed fredament puppies from stores, which were half-brothers or their brothers.

The emergence of Islam as an agent of universal history was not considered in Marx. In Marx gave no explanations of major historical processes that do not easily fits its historical materialism. Regarding the debate on Islam and mahometisme seems as though it were given a holy alliance between the enlightened, the Marxists and the Christians to minusvalorar or ignore the significance of the birth of Islam and its rapid expansion. The appearance of the Mohammedan religion, its expansion and the establishment of the Caliphate does not fits the schema of the Marxist concept of religion as alienation. The expansion of Islam is one of the most remarkable phenomena of world history, but in Marx had regarded it as an eccentricity of the story, I believe. For the Enlightenment and the French by a Catholic theologians insoluble enigma than the lost tribes of the Arabian desert, inspired by the words of Muhammad, start conquering the world. Catholic encyclopedias still using methods of apologetics in a way that makes this article from the Catholic Encyclopedia to explain the expansion of Islam and it thus:

... the lax moral code of the new religion, the power of the sword and of fanaticism, the hope of plunder and the love of conquest ... with the genius of the caliphs ... result the conquest, much less in a century, Palestine, Syria, Mesopotamia, Egypt, North Africa and southern Spain.

These encyclopedists Catholics speak of an alleged militarism of Islam, but not say anything of the universal abolition of slavery proclaimed that the mahometisme under the law of the Koran. Islam was the answer to win universal system of slavery that had the Roman Empire and had its continue the empires and kingdoms Christians. Unlike the acceptance of slavery to make Christianity the mahometisme declared that no Muslim will Muslims as slaves. This order was obeyed alcorànic all Muslim societies, and consequently the Islamic world has never been given to slavery as social system.

De antemano beautiful, Marx shows in major gaps intellectuals regard to certain social and environmental, which means that handled derogatory or incompatible with the sensibility of today. A list that would be immediate: always shows a negative assessment of the agricultural world and everything that concerns the farmers do not show any feeling of pity for the humiliation of the agricultural classes, nor show mercy for the marginalized sectors of society, sometimes it the impression that they rejoice for the destruction of indigenous cultures defenseless. At no time showing interest or enthusiasm for the national liberation struggles, quite the contrary, sometimes understands oppression as a historic advance, similarly causes beyond shame us all calling for non-European cultures. Particularly outrageous is the lack of the least eco-consciousness, however, in Marx was a champion of transforming the world in science and technology (produces esgarrifança think those terrible Tzara Marxists of the Soviet Union, which with a simple displicent small gesture can move an entire people, or commit genocide, or change the course of a river or enter the most serious disorder and to waste large natural areas).

Marx conceived in times of universal history as the mode of production, so the history is ancient and medieval modes correspond to the production that he called respectively agricultural and agricultural-feudal slavery. In Marx's intellectual reducing violence, everything that they were societies, he schemes to make them fit easily in their historical sil logistics. Thus, five thousand years of history can be summarized in a few schemes.

In the writings of Marx, Agrarian what is referred to, invariably, the roughness, the delay, the superstitions, religious alienation, stagnation, etc.. Thus, the Communist Manifesto, which says: The bourgeoisie has subjected the country to the city. It has created enormous cities, has increased prodigiosament the population of cities in relation to the field, and therefore has taken an important part of the population of the soiling of the life of the field. And submitted to the city, country or almost barbaric barbarians to civilized countries, has subordinated the people of the villages of peasants bourgeois, the East to the West (in Marx has done as if Islam is had existed).

In Marx has a finalist in history. The purpose of history is the establishment of a socialist society, have gone on social classes and class antagonisms and class, a society where the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all. Finalist, but as a concept catastrofista; history is not the way to deployment is contemplated that the Hegelian conception, history is a succession of figures of alienation, of forms of exploitation of man by man of forms of oppression and social failure. Consequently, Marx valued positively in all those social changes which, in his view, accelerate the historical process and, inversely, so that no braking. Thus, in Marx considers the formation of great empires and capitalist progress of history, this idea that you are uninterested in Marx or reject the national liberation struggles. The dogmatism its relevant national leads to predictions that it would now be ashamed, so wrote things like this: The workers have no country ... The national demarcations and antagonisms between peoples and disappear because of increasingly with the development of the bourgeoisie, the freedom of trade, the global market, the uniformisme of world production, ... the domain of the proletariat will disappear ... even abolish the exploitation of man by 'man and abolish the exploitation of one nation by another nation.

In Marx gave no support to any national liberation movement in Europe. Regarding the question that called Irish, it was considered better than delayed Ireland part of the British Empire. In advance, the Communist Parties have established a political organization following the model of state displayed on their activity, ie it plays the centralist model of government. Should the Communist Party recognized the existence of oppressed nations within the state itself - as was the case in the Russian Empire - always practiced a strategy of centralizing that the Communist Parties of various countries were integrated within a always on confederal body, without exception, the Russian Communist Party was predominant.

At the end of time, after the defeat of the USSR, the Communist Parties of Europe stands changed and the political program. Withdrawing elements of Marxist theory.

Despite the efforts of philosophers to Marxist asalvar In the heritage of Karl Marx, his attempts have failed to correct the downward trend of Marxist theories.

However, everywhere there are philosophers and theorists who make use of Marxism as a method of social analysis. But while there is a generalized theory of uncertainty when to distinguish between what is true from what is not. On the other hand, calls for revolution need not be Marxist discourse and in fact in Marx saw as the revolution broke out in 1948 working with him there to take part (at times when Marx lived in Paris and was busy with formation of a Communist Party, most members of which tailors were Germans living in Paris). You should consider the fact that in Marx and tailors all Germans were small bourgeois, and that the meetings of the workers were not, that the minutes of the meetings were written in German, which does not participate in it outbreak of the revolution in Paris, the Communist Party on behalf of which the Manifesto was the era of German tailors of Paris, that the Manifesto was published in London in German (!), the revolution broke out in Paris and in the meantime In the Manifesto Marx profetitzava the German bourgeois revolution ... will be the prelude to an immediate Proletarian revolution. From the beginning, the appellation of origin made by the witness would be consistent all the Marxist parties. Similarly, the revolution of the workers of Paris Commune of 1870, Marx was in an unknown, Marx was in London and learns of the events to the press. There are theorists who propose to reduce the Marxist social analysis tool. All these theorists live in a permanent crisis, unable to establish an authority - in the manner of medieval scholasticism - to stop the process of dispersion of Marxism. Of the Frankfurt School left a floret of Marxist philosophers, but none of them became an authority, rather an example of the dispersion. Even the editorial success of Reason and Revolution N'Herbert Marcuse, Marxism entered a new boost to the mess the old Hegelian roots. There is also a kind of church of Marxist Communist parties that maintains propaganda devices everywhere with the intention of perpetuating a kind of cult in Marx.

In writing this, my intention is to analyze and make explicit the major flaws of the theories of Marx in; what I call the seven deadly sins in Marx; biased theories that cause the growth of the contradictions of the Marxist theoretical system . Reviews, reports and some analysis that capitalism is magnificent, the calls for revolution, a marvel, his intentions, very commendable. But good intentions are no guarantee of success or social intellectual of the working class. We will see that Marx was deployed in a number of intellectual vices that pollute their work. In Marx and Marxist theory introduced scientific socialism as the only present alternative to overcome the various proposals of other social theorists, that these proposals will call utopian socialism; in advance was a use of discourse theory as a tool for propaganda. We gave in to the fact that Marx had discovered two new science, historical materialism and dialectical materialism. We must see that the claim was based on inconsistent estimates.

In the ideology of Carl Marx is a product of German society from the mid-nineteenth century. Although Marx's criticism in the German ideology - this is the title of their work - their ideology is a derivative. Initially, a part of the Hegelian left. The writings of Marx always exude a strong Flai of germanisme and hegelianisme. At the Communist Manifesto, reaching high points to say: The Communists are set especially in Germany, because Germany is on the eve of a bourgeois revolution and capgirament because this is done in the most advanced civilization in Europe and with a much more developed proletariat than in the seventeenth century England and France of the eighteenth century, namely that the bourgeois revolution in Germany can be an immediate prelude Proletarian revolution. The outset, the fledgling science failed.

Marx made in the critique of Hegel and German philosophy of the time, but kept the basic elements of its initial hegelianisme, especially in the dialectic of Hegel. He explains how he adapted the Hegelian dialectic in his own theoretical system. He says he turned down any of the dialectic of Hegel, which replaced the idea of the dialectic to the dialectic of the subject. Instead of the deployment of the Spirit, what is the matter would be deployed in the sense of material goods production and distribution of these social goods. In Marx applies the dialectical method to the study of society and historical societies, the result of which was satisfactory for own dazzling by Marx and his followers (N'Althusser devoted their efforts to prove that materialism historical and dialectical materialism were actually two science, two new sciences. Their intent was not anything to stop the free fall of the French Communist Party. N'Althusser is a remarkable example of the devastating effects of the use by Parisian of the methodology of evil Heidegger).

Let the non-science in some of Marx and in sins of Marx: The historical analysis in which Marx presents an example of the goodness of his dialectical method that makes the fits to historical processes described; seemed that history and dialectics became splendidly alleged discharge laws discovered by Marx, which appeared to show the goodness of the method. But this is not true. In Marx choose historical topics that can be easily adapted to the dialectic and set aside the historical processes that contradict the alleged laws of dialectics. There are historical processes are not on the laws of the supposed dialectic. The scientific methodology establishes the general principle that if an experiment contradicts a theory, it ceases to have scientific validity. Similarly, if a historical process contradicts a theory of historical processes, this is no longer valid. Let's see some examples.

The historical processes of the Greek cities from the sixth century BC reveal that the performance was not alleged laws of historical dialectics. The growth of the Greek polis was the result of its industrial and commercial activity. Initially, these cities were basically the residence of the aristocracy and a discrete number of people whose activity was around the industry, trade and social services. Soon, the economic activity beyond the limits of the polis. And while the number of aristocrats remained the same - the agricultural property was identical - on the contrary, increased the number of individuals of non-aristocratic classes. From the sixth century BC, starting a democratic process - it can be said a peaceful revolution - which makes the traditional ruling class, the aristocratic class (patricians, large land owners, aristocracy) lost the monopoly of political power. One gives a burst of cities set up a democratic constitution. So far it would seem that the historical process follows the laws of dialectics: would the class struggle, the ruling class and the oppressed classes and the bourgeois revolutions. But this historical example should be fine as a confirmation of the goodness of the dialectic, causes - I believe - a great inconvenience to the Marxists. Indeed, the example of the democratic polis disrupting the whole scheme of flagrantly Marxist. Let a series of considerations that prove that the alleged Marxist science, historical materialism, does not correspond to the historical reality of the Greek polis.

Miletus, Athens, Corinth, Thebes, Thessaloniki, Ephesus, Byzantium and other Greek cities had a major mode of production should be defined as bourgeois, the majority of the population worked in commercial or industrial activities . The mode of production of these cities was not the agrarian slavery, not the economy based on agricultural production, but industry and commerce.

In Marx says nothing of a breach of the law of negation of negation in the process of the polis. It should be clarified in those societies because no bourgeois revolution Proletarian happen.

The end of democracy in these cities was due to force of arms of the nascent great empires, the Persian, the Macedonian or Greek, Roman. Democratic cities were defeated militarily, added to the empire, lost its independence and its democratic constitutions. The economic process of industrial production remained stagnant. It did not give any process which could be said that this was the result of the law of negation of negation. Cities bourgeois would not step into a new stage of social Mustio were within the Empire, from the first century of our era, into a deep crisis. The business activities are almost zero. The cities are depopulated and many of them disappear from the map or are turned into citadels. No dialectical process. What other companies are always farming.

Regarding the decline of the Roman Empire, the theses of Marx can not explain the diversity of processes derived from them. And not historical facts fits the predictions of the dialectic. It is not the case that the class of slaves constituted the core of the class struggle. The slaves do not in any way lead the fight against the Roman oligarchy. The slave revolt led by N'Espartac is certainly an exception and responded promptly to a rebellion of the nations of southern Italy, similarly to the regular lions rebel against Sparta Messinia. In classical Rome and the Empire was given a conflict between the Roman and patriciaR plebeus; this conflict was the highest of the class struggle. All attempts to plebeus the rebellion ended in military failure. Also failed rebellions of peoples under Rome (The most famous and dramatic was the rebellion of the Jews in first century). Surely, we must understand that the class struggle will continue despite the lack of clear historical records. Must assume a permanent political crisis from the second century, after the failure of attempts at agrarian reform of the Gracchi. The collapse of the commercial activity would be in a strong indication. Which means that transport by land had become unworkable because of predation by armed gangs. Contrary to what Marx called in, is not the case that the establishment of the Catholic Church as an ally of the Empire meant the alienation of the oppressed classes. We can see that was an increase in the decomposition of the Empire, but not debut for the purpose of any religious opium, but by the growing difficulties of the oligarchy to maintain power, so it is not the case that as Century IV will give a greater social peace thanks to the consolidation of Christianity as official religion.

Based in Marx, the mode of agricultural production remains the slave-mode-feudal agricultural production. Certainly, feudalism appeared in the Roman Empire, from the second century, began a gradual feudalització of the Empire. Contrary to the assertion of Marx, can not speak of a change of mode of production. Missing the Roman Empire, the new Germanic kingdoms aristocracy deployed a business very similar to the previous period. They are a continuation of the Roman model. No significant technological change, the most notable innovation was the introduction of the windmill, the twelfth century. Moreover, slavery continued for centuries. The most significant change is political in nature, in the Roman Empire, one aristocracy - Roman - dominated the rest of classes and peoples, in feudal Europe, by contrast, the various Germanic aristocracy administered the various regions of 'Empire, which had taken over militarily. Opposite seems to affirm the historical reality that the feudal societies of Europe were at a historic level above the Roman Empire. In the centuries IV and V, the true dialectic of history was being made between the Germanic peoples and the Roman oligarchy.

Contrary to what Marx says in no case is the class struggle always ends with the revolutionary transformation of society or the collapse of the warring classes, which was sinking and the Roman Empire Roman oligarchy, but not if they sink or disappear oppressed classes and peoples that make up the Empire, the great latifundia Betica continued to exist. And while the Roman ruling class sinks, the Byzantium had over a thousand years the empire. Desaparecio Byzantium, in the end, but not because of class struggle failed, but because they could not withstand the onslaught of the Turkish military. In conclusion, I believe that the alleged law enunciated by Marx was in a rather literary resource.

The Defeat of Rome in front of the Germanic peoples contradicts the principles of Marxist-Hegel dialectic. The collapse of the Roman Empire was not due to deployment of a supposed potential internal dialectic. Furthermore, the Byzantine Empire - which was the continuation of the Roman Empire of the East - it lasted a thousand years. The disappearance of Byzantium also explained by an internal logic, but because of the expansion of the Turkish Empire. The defeat of Rome's defeat of the Marxist-Hegel dialectic. Contrary to predictions dialectical, that was a more primitive stage history - Germanic peoples - collapsed in what was a more evolved stage history.

Marx used arbitrarily in the category of religious alienation to explain historical processes. Choose a specific historical processes, analysis of which are as valid and clarifying the application of religious alienation category (see the article in Marx and religion).

De antemano beautiful, in Marx was given a non-scientific tool for the construction of his dialectical materialism is the use of concepts of the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. Armed with this tool of ideology, Marx makes in its literature explains what are the mechanisms determining the historical processes of `modern age. Sets what the laws governing the historical process, then makes the prediction of the future. The supposed science in Marx is inconsistent because the concepts used in the fits no historical reality.

The initial flaw in Marxist methodology - it pollutes the whole theoretic production - is the reduction of social differences, historical, in a supposed ideological unity. In Marx reduces the real diversity, existing in a unit that supposedly does not correspond with reality considered. Nor should accept the thesis that the ideological sobrestructura is a consequence of the economic structure, a mode of production can not provide the diversity of responses or ideological social creations that derive from it. For example, against the reduction in Marx, the economic structure was a paleolithic - say - but the cultures created by Paleolithic peoples were thousands. It gave thousands of Paleolithic cultures the occurrence of which was unpredictable. Similarly, the Neolithic societies led to a multitude of cultures. One answer is a new cultural creation, and therefore is unpredictable. In Marx refers to various historical situations in which the bourgeoisie of each period played a role in the class struggle. In modern times, made the democratic revolutions, large employers would have the power to replace the traditional aristocracy. Marx in the name of women in the bourgeois class of owners of capital, the class of owners of means of production. In Marx uses the term middle class in many ways and in varying extent, sometimes, middle class means the set of individuals working on their own, and sometimes the term applies exclusively to all major industry, in this case, bourgeois is synonymous with capitalism. In its strictest sense, the middle class is the agent that created the modern world, in the words of Marx "The bourgeoisie has subjected the country to the domain of the city. It has created huge city ... has created productive forces more abundant and great for all generations together ... " (Manifesto, pp. 13).

The small shopkeeper to retain their shops - we - will be classified as conservative. Then there would be progressive bourgeois conservatives and bourgeois, middle class and small. In addition, there is also the small bourgeois progressives. The eight German tailors of Marx in Paris and formed the Communist Party. In Marx it would be a bourgeois revolutionary and communist, and would N'Engels equally revolutionary and communist, but great bourgeois or bourgeois, or, well - if you like - a social parasite. It is therefore an error cache using the term bourgeois thought, there is no bourgeois thought as representative of all the bourgeois. In Marx refers to the diversity of bourgeois groups who say many thoughts: The middle layer - the small industrial, small merchant, craftsman, farmers - all of them fighting for the middle class save the ruin of their existence as the middle layers (Manifesto, pp. 35), this paragraph is an example of how in Marx uses the term middle class in a variety of meanings, hence a small industrial times is part of the bourgeoisie and others, however, does not belong there and even fight against the bourgeoisie.

It would be acceptable to call all the workers in industrial proletariat, but it is wrong to claim a set that embraces the thoughts of the workers, according to the logic, can only sets of individuals that fit a definition set. The workers think and feel according to their individuality. The reduction in joint is one of the biggest nonsense of the Marxist dialectic. In Marx reaching the end point of the brain say that the modern industrial worker leaves a thought that social coincides with the Marxist thesis, is to assume that Marxism appears to spontaneously thought of the workers. But so soon emerged divergent behavior of the labor embodied Marxists, Marx was in the sleeve out of new social concepts, such as the lumpenproletariat. One of the masks used by most Marxist theorists is that they continually use adhoc create theories to explain the historical processes that do not abide by the Marxist schema. For example notable, Lenin wrote in The infantívola leftism disease of communism, a book of enforcing the new category as the dialectic of communist leftism, so that his political opponents were reduced in the patients condition. In the 1984 novel describes a N'Orwell unsurpassed performance devices Marxist ideological schemes, devices that far exceed any work of science fiction. Of course the devices were ideological in the hands of criminals devices. Now the Marxist will never overcome the stigma inherited from communist regimes.

Following in the PETG of Hegel, Marx left out in the study of historical processes that apparently is not docked to the dialectic method. Briefly, I explained some of the examples of silence in Marx.

The Phoenician and Greek cities of the fifth century BC, according to the Marxist definition, cities were bourgeois, their economic base was the industrial and commercial activity, many of them established democratic regimes. We must say that its success was so great that produced a massive wave of colonitzacions along the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea. It has been said that the Phoenician and Greek colonies were a consequence of their business rather than military conquest. Initially, a Greek colony was a port and a store. These bourgeois cities had emerged within the structure of agrarian societies aristocratic warrior. In Marx does not say anything in these processes formidable.

In Hegel and Marx in the left Islam out of the story, not fits to your system. For in Hegel, the deployment of the Spirit was using Christianity as a central thread, and the completion of the deployment was actually with Germanic Christianity, Islam could not; Islam was erased from history .

The emergence of Islam also fits the Marxist schema. Islam must be understood as an immense liberation movement for broad masses of peasants subjected to slavery or the assigned gleva. The Mohammedan religion showed that it was a formidable instrument to liberate the masses and agricultural city. Islam was the negation of the mode of agricultural production-slavery, one of the key points of Marxist science. The slavery was incompatible with mahometisme. The Qur'an expresses it clearly: no one will Mahomet Mahometan slaves. Islam must be understood as a response victorious against the system of universal slavery which extended the Roman Empire. In Marx had not said anything in regard to this phenomenon as a decisive influence in world history.

Thesis: The aristocratic social formations were not a result of a specific mode of economic production, but, mostly, in response to a threat of war in a foreign enemy ..

The aristocratic social formations - widespread social phenomenon in the ancient time - responded to the social demand to ensure political independence in face of external threats. Head around the tenth century BC, say, the situation in the Mediterranean area and most of Europe was of permanent war, the peoples' main concern was to ensure the defense of its territory and protect themselves from 'threat of military aggression peoples. A world in a state of universal war, all nations are preparing for war. The logic of war demands dedicate all efforts in the war. The ideal for the defense of the village people had been armed. But a nation of farmers, without social classes was militarily innocuous, it was not possible to cultivate the fields and prepare for war at the same time. Everywhere, without exception, there are practitioners of war.

The Spartans were the leading edge in the logic of permanent war. All Spartan social organization turned around the concept of war. For the first time in history, all men became aristocrats, that is, professional soldiers, but this was only possible if there were other men with farm produce and the goods necessary to live. To achieve this formidable as the Spartans decided to reduce to slavery the entire population of the neighboring Messinia. The Messinia ethnic Greeks were not had to learn the language of their owners. The Messinia they provide the material needs of the Spartans, and even were used as auxiliary troops in the event of war. Messinia revolutions always end in failure, despite their ardor in combat, those enslaved villagers raised arms could never beat the professional soldiers.

Thesis: The formation of aristocratic caste was not caused by an economic process, but in response to a threat of war from outside, or as a result of a war of conquest.

New England, the United States of America, to serve as a counterpoint, and a paradigm that clearly shows the formation and deployment of an agrarian society with no aristocratic class.

Those men and women of the Mayflower who landed in the coasts of New England, the year 1620, the oath had to form a society where men were free and equal (for reason of clarity of exposition here left to deal with the immense tragedy of the indigenous nations of North America). De antemano beautiful, the colonies were those that succeed beats Calvinists and determined that the acceleration of the settlement of New England. This British colony became the Promised Land, was called as the permanent disadvantaged England and Scotland, but also those in other areas of Europe Lutheran. The subsequent waves of immigrants were not for religious reasons or political, but economic.

Those colonists were subjects of the King of England and their safety was in charge of the English army, the army command which was mostly aristocratic. But New England had no aristocratic class, not be established by large land owners in the manner of aristocrats (the colonies of the South is a different story: with the introduction of slavery, there were major owners land, a kind of false Creole aristocrats).

What to emphasize - and that is what motivates this whole section - is that New England is a society that Conger was the most free and egalitarian world. He was a farmer who dotaven themselves of liberty and equality would not legalized by the city, which continued to be made subjects of the king until the proclamation of independence in the year 1776. Tocqueville N'Alexis gives us a rich and accurate reference for the training and deployment of the United States of America, in Democracy in America (published in 1835), says it presents America, within their social status, the most surprising phenomenon . Men are much alike for their wealth and their intelligence, or, in other words, just as strong as most do not find in any other country in the world and all periods of history.

As Tocqueville In: The New England since 1650, the town consists of a complete and definitive manner. Around the City individuality together and reaffirm the strong interests, passions, duties and rights. Within the ruling council a real political life, active, fully democratic and republican. The colonies still recognized the supremacy of the metropolis, the monarchy is the law of the State, but the republic is already living within the county (Democracy in America, pp. 43). I, however, stressed that the municipalities of New England the law of the rendering step is not supported, which is in the public square and if the general assembly of citizens to be treated, as in Athens, the issues that are of interest. So its early settlers they had no representative direct democracy, similar to that of democratic Athens, with the advantage that the colony was not the class of aristocrats. New England's eight hundred was still a succession of farmers in villages around two or three thousand inhabitants. The largest owners were the Southern slavery. For a long time, new settlers arrived in North America was virgin land at their disposal; remained, therefore, the reproduction of material equal, those men are not limited to declarations of freedom and equality, to natural impulses, not attracted to get jornal to another, was the one that we own to have their farm.

The Calvinist spirit of the Mayflower pilgrims strongly pervades the communities of New England settlers. Later they went this spirit spread all Anglo-American colonies. In a spontaneous manner, those communities will be organized as autonomous republics and assemblies. Deployed across a complex political and social legislation in the spirit originating Republican. Those communities, those councils will, constitute a small republics formally under the control of the monarchy in fact, those colonies behaved as an autonomous states with no written or proclaimed or recognized by other side, the king, the metropolis, and to stop, consistently, was the formal recognition of new social and political realities that emerge from the American colonies. Those settlers are dotaven of republican constitutions and social and political norms of direct democracy. Those small rural Athens established the assembly of citizens as the only sovereign in all matters affecting local life.

The proclamation of independence was a whole with the proclamation of the Republic. Both proclamations revealed to the world of the existence of a new national reality and a new state. I began the war with the metropolis. What is stressed in the daily lives of citizens of the Republic followed guidelines that did not differ from the colonial era, this was a debut that was life Republican over one hundred years, was present in those rural communities.

Thesis: Contrary to the biased view of Hegel in Marx and En were farmers - those of New England in this case - which became the primary agent of history, an agent of local history which, Ultimately, had shocked the world.

(In Hegel in Reason in History, on North America, offers theories and assessments that are devessall prejudice; to transcribe some excerpts, he says, pp. 258, the North America should not be considered as a state and as a mature, but as a state that still is being done and that is not yet advanced enough to need the monarchy, and on page 160, says that North America is still in l 'stage of the roturació. Certainly, with the manifest of the communist party in Marx released his preconceptions about the countryside, and in the pp. 28, says The bourgeoisie has subjected the country to the domain of the city ... sostraient much of the population of idiotisme of rural life. Just as we are subordinate to the city, has the subordinated countries almost barbaric barbarians or the civilized countries, people to people bourgeois farmers, l ' East to West. In Marx is particularly insensitive regarding the genocide of indigenous peoples of America, as well as the oppression of nations.

Indeed, the history of the Republic there were also heroes, big men, the iron workers of the motherland, but they all were the expression of creative potential - social, political and cultural - of the broad masses of the population and labor In particular, the peasant population. From the landing of the Mayflower pilgrims, in 1620, (in Plymouth, Massachusetts), those men and women, in addition to work, carrying out a social policy and very intense: had to have a constitution of laws, social norms, the political system. Before the proclamation of the Republic, during 156 years, following the impulse of the early settlers, men and women of New England had to respond to the complexity of the emerging new society.

Prejudice against the intellectual tradition lectualista, workers, the peasants, intensely felt and thought about their social and political activity. And thought. First of all, in the assembly of the community were forced to make an intensive intellectual exercise. But do not be afraid of that practice that derive from the divergence, the confusion and chaos, quite the opposite. To understand that direct democracy generally: the landscapes of our farmers are uniform in each town or county, are the same crops, livestock, buildings, country houses, tools and machinery, etc. Farmers learn from each other; farmers mimic the initiatives that have demonstrated their Boness. In New England, if a community was successful in relation to a specific social issue, it was immediately imitated by neighboring communities, so that local practice had become common in the communities in cash or by the state.

Thesis: We must break the evil lectualista intellectual tradition, so strongly cultivated in Spain and the Universe within the Universe Catholic, but also in Catalan and the Universe within the Universe French. Lectualista intellectual tradition, in the Platonic sense to reserve access to the truth about moral wise selected because it is not known, and a moral truth that embraces all human activities. As is evident in The Republic, Plato felt deler In the most absolute despotism.

Certainly, the great social movement involving what was then called the French Enlightenment (and often simply the Enlightenment, as if it were the French paradigm) demonstrated to be an effective strategy against the Throne and Altar. The first illustrated French consisted in freeing themselves from the yoke of Rome.

Among the enlightened, not just those that were belonged to the aristocracy. Became an image of the typical rooms of aristocratic palaces representing the role of scientific academies improvised. The royal palace was not immune to fashion illustration, and events such as little known as the enlightened despotism. Those men were illustrated more or less off, mostly, people were aristocrats or arranged; those from the working classes were more like a desclassats and farmers are engaged in even less enlightened circles. Those illustrated spread the ideals of the Enlightenment. Ideological production of those men was enormous. Everywhere appeared proposed social reforms, political, religious, educational.

The illustrated spread French ideals and proposals made, but beautiful antemano sign divergent if not opposed. The ideological debate between the different schools was in this debate in simple, the truth or falsity of the proposals were illustrated tested by social practice.

The settlers of New England have a unique historical situation that offered few advantages unseen throughout the history of mankind. The illustrated French thought on issues that corresponded with their affections, were publications of his ideas and his proposals, but these publications are not derived any specific activity. Were proposals for the future, pending a few other circumstances. The American colonists, however, it saw a need to think about trying to resolve all issues of immediate social. The pilgrims of the Mayflower had hastily arrange an avalanche of questions, new questions about situations that were not anticipated, they were unpredictable. The settlers had a pragmatic behavior regarding social practice if the practice failed, removed and an alternative is sought.

At the time of the first colony, the pilgrims began nowhere, everything was to be done. But the settlers were few and primitive, and ignorant about. Felt strong and animated according to their Calvinist ideology. Those beats were settlers, and were driven by their religious ideology, a strong Calvinist who had projects all Republicans. In the Calvinist way, the pilgrims were Republicans, equalitarian and supporters of direct democracy. It had none of illiterate; written all reaffirm their confidence in enlightened education, knowledge and science. As Tocqueville said in referring to the pilgrims, there were, keeping the proportion of more enlightened people spread out among these men that if any European nation today (Democracy in America, pp. 36). Each community was responsible for the education of children and the maintenance of schools. This will make the United States, upon the proclamation of independence, was the most literate state in the world.

When the French proclaimed the Republic, there was no republican tradition and there was a sort of insurmountable distance between the masses and those who were formally representing the sovereignty of the people, the social and French policy did not fit the formal republic. Briefly, the French Republic proclaimed was never actually existed. Reality of the French, the 90s, was a social dispersion and endless horrible. The formal French Republic of 91 will only three years.

Otherwise, when the Americans proclaimed the Republic, the structure had been built republicana over 150 years. In the year 1776, the colonies of North American societies were organized as a Republican and Republicans were people. In large areas of the French, however, the broad peasant masses do not participate on the enthusiasm for the ideas illustrated, and the proclamation of the Republic came as something external, in which they had taken no part. From Paris, the villagers came all the rules that were imposed. In French circles illustrated unwittingly, had established the ideological predominance of a diffuse Platonism which had a negative mark of the attempts to establish democracy in France. This illustrated Platonism established dogma of knowledge Boness illustrated. This makes a jump Platonism ideological and sets a sort of intellectual Manicheism, according to which knowledge - knowledge of positive science - brings the good and moral ignorance, the not-knowing, the moral evil (The counterpoint comes from In by Rousseau). Illustrated by the French, became a common conception of religion - for them, the Catholic religion - as a result of ignorance, of superstition, fanaticism and deception.

Of all the settlement areas of the world, the British colonies were offering more benefits and increased faster than population. New England not only provided freedom and tolerance, which workers get a level of prosperity never seen. If a first time immigration was for ideological reasons, soon the only motivation was the real economic boost. The Anglo-American colonies had a rate of population growth much more intense than that of the French or Spanish colonies, the population doubling every 25 years. To get a reference: in 1760, the French settlers in Quebec were some 40,000, while the thirteen British colonies of North America had a population of one million inhabitants. The Americans considered that the tremendous growth of the republic made clear the advantages of social and political.

In Thomas Paine participated quite actively in the American Revolution and, 22 years later, the French Revolution. His writings of 1776, common sense and the American crisis, were extremely popular. Fugitive of English repression, in Paine was received as a "friend of the people" participated actively in the preparation of the revolt of the colonies. And his political pamphlets against the monarchy and the power of the aristocracy had a special broadcast. His pamphlet "Common Sense", 1776, (On edit it says half a million copies) established the principles and arguments for the establishment of the Republic, the writing not only warm the spirits of the broad masses, but the ideologues - as in Jefferson, for example - and those they inspire her the text of the Declaration of Independence. Also called on George Washington in which he read all the soldiers in the pamphlets of Paine "The American Crisis." How often explain to my writings, the true history of the ideas deployed by humans does not match the history of philosophy textbook. In Thomas Paine was not on the textbook Spanish, but neither the Americans. In the writings of Thomas Paine is exposed for the first time the concept of republic as incompatible with the monarchy and the aristocracy. In the works of Paine were the expression of a philosophical ideology widely felt by broad masses of Great Britain and the United States, that ideology has remained alive to this day; ideology Emperi, which has failed to be hegemonic. As in Locke - and illustrated French - justifying the so-called "parliamentary monarchy", in Paine outlined the arguments based in reason and human nature according to which democracy was incompatible with the monarchy. Notes that the political system in the British monarchical paraphernalia was an example of the weakness of democracy, which explained the presence of the king and the British aristocrats was not the result of a covenant between equals, but an imposition of a violence, the aristocratic party; violence was in fact a negation of democracy. In Paine as anyone could see that the consequences would be for the universal story of American Revolution. As in Hegel, ignorance with arrogance, announced that the United States was not yet ready to establish a monarchy, Paine In announcing the arrival of Independence of the United States as the real possibility of a new global era without oppressors and oppressed (For Hegel, the monarchy is especially German, was the highest point in the deployment of the Spirit). In Paine spoke highly of the American Revolution. A common sense, can be read ... we have every opportunity and all of us to encoratjaments, to form the constitution of pure earth. We have the power to begin the world again. A situation like this has never happened since the days of Noah in the past. The anniversary of a new world is at hand, and a race of men ... should receive their portion of freedom from the event in a few months. We can say that the book written in Paine was divided by history into two parts, each of which had a very different fate. On the one hand, common sense and the American crisis occupied a distinguished place among the writings that were the American ideology. But the later writings, especially The age of reason, were the cause of the breakdown in the Paine dominant elite U.S. and its social and political marginalization. In Paine would be considered a radical thinker (a radical thinker), this designation has a negative rating to American society. It is understood that the radical thinker are excluded from the American ideology, that his work should be valued negatively, they are not suited to American culture. During maccarthista, many radical thinkers were threatening to put the label of unamericans, not Americans. Democratic leaders who had initially supported, as in Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin in, due thought had fulfilled its historic mission and that it was withdrawing from political activity. In this regard, the Congress, in recognition of services to met Paine in, gives you a farm to farm by s'entretingués. In Jefferson and the Democratic leadership will want to ensure the support of the conservative elites, ie the major owners, fearful of moving large masses of revolutionary, and, therefore, is set in Paine and Margins. In Paine is considered one of the never sign anarchist ideology. Understands the state as a necessary evil and advocates reducing the state powers to the ultimate elimination. Similarly, denouncing all social mechanisms that allow the perverse privilege and the legacy of large property. In this line of social complaint also explains the appearance of the churches as institutions for land and enslave humanity. Yankee hegemonic ideology, even today, is marked by religious component. The conservative churches considered in Thomas Paine as a threat and, accordingly, we erase it from history. The Age of Reason, Paine shows in the biblical stories of inconsistency in the manner of the French illustrated. His book recalls the criticism of Voltaire to make in the Bible. In Paine also pointed out the contradictions, it is concerned to emphasize the moral conflicts of Bible stories, reporting the inconsistency of the Bible not for its contradictions with the laws of physics, as contrary to morality. In Paine goes beyond the criticisms of ilustrados: arguing explains the causes of the origin of the churches. Lets consider the theory of enlightened motivation of religion. According to the illustrated, the religious phenomenon was caused by ignorance, of superstition, fear of nature and other similar. In Paine, however, a new faith theory of the origin of the churches as a criminal against the domain of working classes. Not to criticize those who believe, understands that everyone has the right to believe according to their conscience. In Paine But even the right - and the right of those who think like him - not to believe in the dogmas of the churches. I said it with the words My own mind is my own church. In this sense, sets the basis of their moral theory according to which the happiness of man is to be mentally faithful to himself ... The infidelity is not about believing or not believing, is to say that what is believed not believed ... When a man has been corrupted and prostitution chastity of his mind, to say publicly what they do not believe, is prepared to commit two crimes. Trade practices of the priests in order to obtain a benefit, and to be well placed in this trade, begins with a perjury. Can we conceive anything more destructive than that? (The age of reason, Chapter I, page 1). The revolutionary hero was excluded - or betrayed? - United States, and for the second time he fell into disgrace in revolutionary France. Took a decisive part in the French Revolution, to be elected deputy to the French National Convention (In that time, 1791, the date his work, The Rights of Man), but was considered an enemy by Jacobins and was imprisoned by Robespierre in a 1793. The Jacobins considered - and not erraven - In Paine gave to the arguments Girondins (Girondins The autonomy demanded retrieve that had arravatat the Absolute Monarchy, and, of course, were against the Parisian centralism). In Paine, however, denounced the results as an assault jacobina the rights of men in the areas Girondins (men, among whom were the Occitans and Catalan).

In the writings of Thomas Paine and gathered to hear the thinking of large sections of the population of New England. The largest owners and churches - all churches - considered as a serious threat in the thought of Paine and began a war against deaf. A war that followed the ways of canalla Catholic tradition: what mattered was to destroy the enemy. The reactionary act as if in Paine had not existed. Trying to erase his memory and his writings. Apparently, it seemed that the power elite had achieved their goals. It seemed that anyone even remember in the Thomas Paine. But benauradament, terrified by the reactionaries, but we thought of Paine continued to live in the progressive North American and European. The ideological war started in 1776 around thinking in Paine remained at high and low, until our time.

Certainly the economic deployment of the new republic entailed a growing welfare to its citizens, but also made their appearance the large slave property and the first capitalist formations. Both phenomena are of great interest, mostly, were considered a phenomenon that had antiigualitaris combat. Intellectuals gathered Americans and the feelings of the people and think, well, a great literature emerged that was called to combat slavery and establish defenses against nascent capitalism and to denounce the threats against freedom. Thus, while the vast philosophical work of Kant covered in a practical reason as an ethereal final categorical imperative, the United States in the ideas of Roger Williams id'En Thomas Paine spent part of the libertarian ideas of common people and Finally, were made in the U.S. constitution. Kant was taught in their lessons on Ethics at the University of Koenigsberger and publishing his work, Kant's philosophy was known to alabada and university circles, and among intellectuals and theologians, was a very celebrated philosophy, but it is not derived from any social consequence, to be known. Kant in philosophy, but his life and the surrounding area continued as usual. The ideology of Williams menaven In a direct confrontation against a concrete and present oppressors. In Williams was a hero in defense of the radical separation of Church and State (in practice, meant that a person could not be punished for what the Church - a church - considered sins such as blasphemy could be or heresy). His writing Pursuit of freedom of conscience, 1644, was spread among communities throughout New England and, soon, the church-state separation was a social achievement. Rhode Island, where the republic was recognized moral authority in the Williams, became a safe asylum for people who were persecuted for their beliefs - Baptists, Quakers, Jews and others - (Al nineteenth, Jews fleeing the Russian progroms sought refuge in New York, and the asylum seekers were so many that make this city had more people than any other Jews in the world. This explains that, currently, there are more Jews in New York than in Jerusalem .) And moving in the libertarian line, in 1652, Rhode Island passed the law declaring slavery illegal for the first time in North America and around the world (Well, excluding the Islamic world which he provided free of slavery. The prohibition of the Koran expressly).

While for Hegel in the end of history was the establishment of the German Christian Prussiani of the monarchy, by Thomas Paine in what mattered was the fight against slavery and latifundisme and early capitalist formations. In Hegel is presented as the discoverer of the project of God, what was the proposed deployment of the knowledge of the Spirit, was to watch and learn, the important activities carried out by the builders of the German State. In Thomas Jefferson was the third president of the United States. What concerns me is that emphasize intellectual Americans of the eighteenth century and early nineteenth desclassaven not because of his intellectual activity and invested their capabilities trying to find solutions to social and political problems claimed by their fellow citizens. De antemano beautiful, the evil Catholic lectualista intelligence system to boot from the family if the children - the first - the poor and illiterate villagers isolated within the seminars were transformed into theologians and ministers of the sacred, the fortunate families with a child become minister Lord thought that this child had received a social promotion and that the family earned social prestige, despite the continuing gleva lying within the aristocrat. Those Roman Catholic priests, sons of farmers, as it constituted a false privileged social class, and actually were an instrument for the ruling class, the oligarchy of large land owners.

In Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Paine In still within the libertarian tradition of New England society. It was not the case that some men who supported having a position of intellectual privilege. In American society the principles of egalitarianism Calvinist constitute the dominant ideology and determination to pervade the entire social life of the country. While in Britain the principles of moral emotivisme were collected by the constitution derived from the 1688 revolution, throughout the remains were of no social privileges to abide by democratic principles, as was the case for maintaining the monarchy and the aristocracy. Tocqueville s'admirava in the degree of intellectual equality of the American society of 1832. The ideas expressed by In Jefferson had success as they were a response to social problems of the time. A At the time of Jefferson, was not conceivable that a man devoted to thinking and nothing else, the men thought about the issues that affect, thought about moral issues, religious, social, political and other. Thought and made public his thoughts and proposals resulting therefrom. It was not imaginable figure of a philosopher in the manner of a Kant or Hegel. In the ideas of Paine and Jefferson had in echo and the appropriate way to bring them forward is the political activity. Those people understand that the ideas expressed by a citizen was a result of social activity, public debates, that people understand that the discussions were always between equals. Many thought that slavery was the product of a criminal act; In Paine took position on this issue and came to the conclusion that the mere condemnation of slavery was a hypocritical stance that had taken measures to abolish slavery. In the proposed Paine was collected and later materialize despite costing the civil war. In Paine has become a reference on the issues of land ownership, the large estate, the process of society estatalització against bureaucracy, against incipient capitalism of his time, and others.

Textbooks philosophy - especially the Spanish of the universe - not saying anything in the thought of Williams, in the Jefferson or Paine od'En of the new company being Republican enough, nor explain What was the ideology of the new Republican state. These textbooks devote a considerable extension of a deal in the philosophy of Kant and Hegel in. They like thinking the world was driven by the great minds of great thinkers alleged. But the German Idealism did not promote any social movement. The fame and influence of these philosophers was not beyond the theological circles (In Hegel followed courses at the seminary theology at the University of Tübingen), academics and intellectuals. In Kant with its moral imperative given the silent response to government censorship when it prohibits the publication of a work. In Williams, however, had the audacity to send a letter to the King of England in which he would pay - the king - who was to offer land to settlers, and those who did know had a few owners, indigenous people, indigenous people, and based on Christian principle or any human could be expropriated.

In Luther we see that the stage was his proclamation of freedom of the Christian, that is, freedom of conscience. With the triumph of the Reformation, freedom of conscience was recognized in the areas Lutheran (Incidentally, it is said that Universos English, French and Catholic, throughout time, have been campaigning against Luther and the Universe has hidden the fact as Germany became a free speech wider than in France and a point of comparison with that of Catholic countries). Kant was educated in the Luther pietisme and remained within the veil luteranisme without leïtats heterodox. So the question is: what was the intention to build on Kant in his work. Kant observed in the deployment of the figure in England and France, and reading research on the human understanding of Hume was in crisis to their dogmatic idealist thinking. In began with Kant colossalisme the philosophical literature of Germany. Boness acknowledged the approach of empiricism, but announced a huge task to try to overcome the empiricism. It was the construction of a theory of knowledge with the intention to give scientific validity to the new system of idealist philosophy. The end result of enormous efforts in Kant was a Pyrrhic victory: the recognition of basic empiricism and it was not possible a scientific metaphysics, which was not even possible to show the existence of God and from the encourages human. The end of the ended Kantis the introduction of the concepts of God and the human soul as an immortal postulates. In Kant created a system that leads to the idea of the moral imperative, a way to affirm that freedom of conscience was proclaimed in Luther. The kantisme remained as a theoretical construction that had an air of modernity and enlightened thinking, but not proposed any project specific social or moral. His sentence - work so that your standard of conduct ethics can become a universal standard -, expressing loyalty to luteranisme; critical philosophy of Kant in Boness Reaffirming the intellectual discourse of moral Luther. In order to Kant, freedom of conscience remained purely internal, as a Lutheran. The categorical imperative does not claim any social or political freedom, could be the categorical imperative of the slave. The ultimate aim of Kant is set in a new intellectual defenses to protect the freedom and morality of the "Christian", ie the luteranisme.

Thesis: I have to conclude that in Kant was necessarily doomed to failure. Offered to a new German society, while modern philosophy is not raised any claims of social and political reforms. Ultimately what is offered by Kant in a certificate of guarantee of the moral Boness Lutheran.

The thought of Hegel was fascinated in the German intellectual world, but did not promote any religious reform, social or political. In advance, the monarchy was Prussiani support.

As I said above, for the first time offered an understanding of universal history as a rational process and how to know, as a science.

After In Hegel, his ideas seemed to impregnate worldwide intellectual German, but German philosophy is split into a large diversity of currents that often contrasts.

We use the term German, Germany, but that we must distinguish, at the beginning of the century, the German one does not exist. What existed since the Middle Ages was a multitude of political Germany were very different from that of the independent cities to sovereign states. In the nineteenth century, the two German great powers Austria and Prussia, was the first he got the political unification of the German formations. The policy of Bismarck culminated with the proclamation of the German Reich, 1871, that is the German state, which in English is called Deutschland in Germany and German.

Prussia - and Germany - became a major European power. Although the company continued under the German domination of the aristocratic class, it is carried out the industrial revolution, was given an intense process of economic and industrial. It also seemed that the time had come for science in Germany. Science and technology in Germany were admired around the world (Incongruentment, in Hegel sought to establish a kind of real science as an alternative to the positive sciences were deployed so rapidly.)

While the German universities the faculties of science remained a triumphal march, the faculties of theology and philosophy entered into a period of great turbulence endless. It gave an increase in the production of works of philosophy, and broke the great dispersion.

With the death of Hegel, opened Pandora's box of German philosophy. It was the result of the deployment of the German Lutheran effectively reigned on the principle of freedom of conscience. Several emerging lines of thought that sought to maintain the idealism as hegemonic philosophy, while giving a great display of what is called hegelianisme left. But in addition, their appearance made the German cultural scene two philosophical currents that would cause a big impact: a line that will continue to start in Schopenhauer and Nietzsche in - after you receive different names: voluntarism, vitalism, irrationalism and others - and one that was the beginning of positivism in German that include all the huge production of empiricism, materialism, monism, and the other variants, which largely followed a materialist or positivist way common.

In the second half of the nineteenth century, Germany became the leading science in Europe. The large deployment of the Faculties of Sciences and their success means that the German Science is a model to imitate.

The fervor of German scholars to the scientific research produced a wave of discoveries and a qualitative leap in the organization of science in Germany and worldwide. But while the products of the positive sciences were received with admiration and enthusiasm of the so-called science of the mind caused uncertainty and made clear ideological war of the various ideological factions.

The war between the different ideologies is made evident to everyone but was particularly intense in Germany and virulent. Unlike Britain, Germany had not carried out the democratic revolution, the aristocracy continued to maintain political and economic privileges, and the regime II Reich was a absolute monarchy although timid had introduced democratic reforms. But the highlight is the great economic deployment in Germany, we must understand that this deployment was determined that the multitude of social, political and ideological. However, the idealism - Hegel or not - was the current that was more growers. For over a hundred years, a multitude of theologians and philosophers be held in Germany producing a vast literature that idealistic phagocytic itself, philosophers and philosophical systems have been going on Idealist continuously so that each system overrides the previous systems, or ignored. While science established its solid path, the philosophy seemed doomed to suffer the torments of Sisyphus. In Marx left us a very enlightening ironic comment on the phenomenon as manifested in his time, and says the process of decomposition ... Hegel developed to become a universal fermentation which has dragged with it all "powers of the past." In the midst of general chaos, there have been powerful kingdoms, to fall out nice again, currently about heroes have fought, sepultats again in the darkness for a few other rivals bolder and more powerful. This was a revolution devours the French which is child's play ... the heroes of the tomb is thought to one another with unprecedented speed, i. .. 1842 to 1845 is remogué the ground in Germany before more than three centuries (The German Ideology, pp. 15).

The ideological war stimulated the production of ideological materials, and also the creation of new strategies.

The German voluntarism and vitalism was not just a philosophical current, first, pure philosophy, the philosophical literature, were available to the public a direct and not through catechisms; In Schopenhauer and Nietzsche in to be the most notable examples. From the beginning, the school hung it rivals the label of irrationalism, but was in the Kant who postulated - regardless of the reason-the existence of God and the human soul immortal and immaterial, and was in the Hegel prophet announcing the hidden ways of the Spirit and his clever work. In Schopenhauer was the first German thinker who declared atheist and argues in favor of atheism, on the other hand, do all of the allegations against furious In Hegel's philosophy. In coming to Nietzsche, its literature became one of the most popular, and his death sentence God has given around the world. Nietzsche not only in God but denied that particular kind a war against Christianity and Christian moral values. When a critic of religion, these authors could appear to coincide with the French illustrated, but it was not the case; its objectives set out nihilistic approach incompatible with the Enlightenment.

Voltaire in combat against a Catholic Church very full and active oppressors of freedom. In When Nietzsche was a moral condemnation of the Christian and explained the origins of Christianity as a corruption of moral values, no one was really fighting against the German Lutheran Church. It is not the case in Nietzsche that is fighting for freedom of conscience, which in itself was Voltaire, this fight had already successfully done in Luther, 250 years before. The intent of Nietzsche In another era, he was seen as the prophet of glad tidings of the superman and the eternal return. Although Nietzsche was declared in at some point against racism and antisemitism, this does not prevent the adoption by the Nazi as a precursor ideological and make large-scale use of the concepts nietzscheans for the Nazi propaganda machine . It is not the case it was an ally of the Enlightenment against ignorance, superstition and fanaticism. In Nietzsche is not an ally but an enemy, that he understands the ideals of the Enlightenment is a continuation with other clothing of the spirit Socratic, Platonic and Christian who infected Western culture in Europe. It is an irony that the virulent denunciations of Nietzsche in the state and against the rotten and criminal material became modern combat formations of the ideological nature of anarchist.

Ultimately, objectively, should be seen in Nietzsche as a prophet who announces the new religion of the superman. It claims that a prophet in the desert all the nihilism, nothing will save the world: or religions, or new religions or philosophies, or science; denies science and technology industry and understand why they are an instrument of 'inferior man, so that something good may follow therefrom.

As a religion that preaches the religion of the superman who does the work is a prophet, Nietzsche denounces In Pain promises universal salvation and the chosen, which must be understood to be few. All his philosophical construction is based on a fact in the history of universal moral or ideological nature. Mal understands that the universal is not caused by a natural disaster or the collapse of a Great Empire or the coming of the Antichrist, but the ill affects humanity over the centuries is the debut ideas a guy who said Socrates. In Socrates and Plato besmear in the world with its moral and metaphysical theories. Considers that, then humiliated and some priests and hypocrites ressentits - such as in Paul of Tarsus - spread the plague of Christianity with the intention of the collapsed moral foundations of the Empire. For him, the lingering hopes of the Renaissance. Luther thinks not represented in the release, but voluntary slavery of the man who forever remained humble, obedient to the laws, and no creator bottom. Atheism believes that modern science and do not represent the liberation of man, but are the new heroes who sacrifice humanity. Rate negatively socialism; believes that socialism and social proposals are a replacement for Christianity.

I think appropriate and necessary to show the inconsistency of one of the mainstays of the philosophy nietzcheana, that establishes the origin of the universal moral perversion. In Nietzsche gives incontestable that the ancient Greek world reach the highest level of humanism in the social order, moral and aesthetic, that is, the world that corresponds to a warrior society, hierarchical, aristocratic and monarchical ie, an agrarian society, where class is the dominant owners of large rural areas. Indeed, in Nietzsche was free to express what their preferences were. But claiming that a man, a philosopher, is the cause of the collapse of the aristocratic society is not much more than a boutade a joke. In Nietzsche offers a Greek history of the world that does not correspond with historical reality (historical reality: that neither had the time or now). Says nothing about the democratic revolutions that have affected the Greek cities from the sixth century BC. It makes references to the democratic revolution in Athens. No references to the democratic system in Athens. Contrary to historical box beatified, the aristocrats, the men above nietzschians were militarily defeated by popular forces, not aristocratic. People overcome the aristocrats. First were the democratic revolutions, and, then began the continuing debate on the social contractualism. In Socrates and Plato were in the game and defended aristocratic aristocratic ideology. The apex of the debate was about the moral emotivisme. In Plato was aristocrat, aristocratic party in Athens, was consistently reactionary. The whole of his writings were in agreement with the feel and the Athenians think of aristocrats. It was not the case that Plato in the irrational and corrupt morals of the great aristocrats of Athens. The theory on Plato nietzschiana corrupt aristocrats of no where and take no s'aguanta. There is not aristocratic regimes that are affected due to an alleged dissemination of ideas in Plato. The project history - the great wonder - in the ancient world was the emergence of democratic cities, not in the ideas of Plato. Platonic theories were in accordance with the interests of the oligarchy, but it is not the case that the aristocratic historical formations may be considered platonic it is not the case that you can evaluate the moral history of an oligarchy determined according to a scale of Platonism. Formations oligarchic holding traditional moral standards always. In Plato was an admirer of Sparta of the time, but the Sparta century BC remained the traditional aristocratic regime. Dir En Nietzsche as slaves to break their chains resentment is a sign of intellectual chaos. The Sky nietzschià the slaves and the oppressed are satisfied with their slavery and its oppression, that men know less and feel satisfied - and not ressentits - serving the men above.

Not that I intend, in the work Schopenhauer and Nietzsche had in an echo, so that broke the traditional circle of stakeholders on matters of philosophy.

In my view, must understand the philosophical literature of the German voluntarism as an instrument of the reactionary social classes mean threats against modernity. The offer was excessive in Nietzsche, was a battle of ideology in many fronts. The main enemy to beat the currents that were derived from the Enlightenment and modernity. It was a call to battle against Socrates and Plato (not specify what kind of fighter you can do about these famous people), against Paul of Tarsus in against Christianity - and also against luteranisme - against the Enlightenment, the democracy movement against the workers demands, the Commune, against socialism, against workers' organizations, against the modern, positive against science, against the University, the school system, and other things.

It can be argued that in Nietzsche had rejected Nazism. But what matter is made clear who was the philosopher - as a world-renowned philosopher - the work which fit beautifully into the ideological machinery of the fascist formations, and even more of the specific national-socialist, and his figure and his work were widely used by Nazi propaganda.

The fact that still remains alive in the thinking of Nietzche must be understood as an extension of the twenty-first century social and ideological conflicts that originate in the German society of the second half of the nineteenth century. What we have so many of the Web sites interested in Nietzsche must be understood as an expression of concern that many people do not find satisfaction in the ideological bidding of the world today, people who are in search of new proposals of salvation.

In the nineteenth century, Germany is at the forefront of science and technology, in competition with Britain and the United States. Well, must say that in reference to philosophy and science, when called on Germany, you must understand the whole German-speaking countries, at all times has been a flow of communication and exchange between the universities and scientists - and philosophers - Germany, Austria and Switzerland to Germany. Furthermore, also began running a positivist, ideological production which then arise as Germany decided to Enlightenment positivism, if not far opposed the AUFKLÄRUNG of Kant or Hegel. Germany became a great intellectual power in the current positive (with different names: empiricism, monism, materialism, and others).

N'Ernst Haeckel was a positivist paradigm of the German scholar. Medical student at the Universities of Berlin and Vienna, later professor of zoology, became the greatest promoter of Darwinism in Germany. Furthermore, their scientific research was recognized throughout Europe. With the prestige enjoyed that, freed of all campaign disclosure of evolutionism and monisme.

The German Idealism entered a new historical period where I had to compete with other philosophical currents, and, moreover, it was forced to put themselves on the defensive to counter the avalanche of criticism that absolutely disqualified. It gave a new social situation so that the new ideological currents extend the ideological battle beyond the faculties of theology or philosophy. Emerging new forms of organization - labor unions, cooperatives, athenaeums, scientific societies and others - to put the crisis of ideological hegemony of the aristocracy and the Lutheran Church.

Since its inception, since the time of Kant and Hegel, Idealism followed the process on a particular negation of negation that does not carry the famous law of Hegel-Marxist dialectic. A Hegel ufanós even dared to pick up the legacy of the philosophy and ideology that had preceded it. In the philosophy of Hegel is presented as the peak of deployment of the Spirit, as the end product of a long chain of events and figures in history. In Hegel was seen as the end of the story, as the last figure, as stated that the monarchy Prussiani - the domain of the aristocracy Prussiani - was the culmination of history and the end of the story. A negation of negation sui generis systems in terms of philosophical Idealist. The idealistic philosophy seemed a monarchy, on the death of every great philosopher, born a great thinker to develop a new system provided with the intent to establish a real and definite knowledge. Since then, the idealist philosophy has produced a dozen major philosophers and a hundred or more not so great philosophers, those who were unable to build a system of philosophy itself. Making a list and immediate provisional, would Kant, Fichte, Schelling, Hegel, Schopenhauer, Nietzschhe, Herbart, Weber, Hartmann, Wundt, Dilthey, Scheler, Husserl, Heidegger, Jaspers, Gadamer and others. In this list he included in In Schopenhauer and Nietzsche, which appear as the most influential voluntarism, on the grounds that it is not uncommon to find common approaches and relations between authors and considered typical Idealist On In Nietzsche or Schopenhauer. In particular, we will see that the work of Heidegger in the reference and links with the thought of Nietzsche are in some crucial elements. Along the Germans, can be added to the list the name of some French authors, as in Sartre and Foucault in, although not included within the current classified idealist. We will have to see that finally the French - the French Universe - fall into the temptation to imitate the Universe German, and after the war, they produced philosophers a hectic pace, as if to recover lost time and dispute athletes to the podium in Germany. N'Alain Badiou makes a review of the phenomenon to the Panorama de la philosophie française read Between 1943 and the end of the twentieth century unfolds the French philosophical moment; In between In Deleuze and Sartre, we can appoint Bachelard, Merlau-Ponty, Lévi -Strauss, Althusser, Foucault, Derrida, Lacan. I know that makes us whole philosophy of the French second half of the twentieth century, is actually also a discussion of German heritage ... there was ... At the seminar in Hegel Kojève on there ... was the discovery by the young French philosophers of the thirties and forties of phenomenology, for reading in Husserl and Heidegger in ... We can say then that the French have to find something to qualque Germany through in Hegel, in Nietzsche, in On Heidegger and Husserl. In her words says:

... a French philosophical moment that took place in the second half of the twentieth century and I try to make this philosophical point, comparable - relatively speaking - the examples I gave earlier, when classical Greece and at the time of German idealism. Take the second half of the twentieth century, Being and Nothing, Sartre's fundamental work published in 1943 and subsequent writings of Deleuze, "Qu'est-ce que la philosophie?, Date from the early nineties to ten. Among 1943 and the end of the twentieth century, is still developing philosophical French, from Sartre and Deleuze, we can call Bachelard, Merleau-Ponty, Lévi-Strauss, Althusser, Foucault, Derrida, Lacan and I, you see.

The Universe now no Spanish war moves against those who are Universos ideologically so great. Touching on the philosophy, the universe is English as a receiver and a follower of the production of ideological Universos German and French, following the trends in Spain. Now we have hundreds of scholars catalans - or thousands, probably - who engage in the cultivation of philosophy or ideological issues, as if each of them built a small chapel dedicated to the worship of any of these saints de la filosofía , St. Nietzsche, Hegel holy, holy Heidegger, Sartre Holy, holy Gadamer, Foucault St., San Wittgenstein, and also St. Marx. But now is not the time to lift chapels but enrunar them. Now is the time to show the futility of these saints. And even more, we denounce as false prophets, and as guilty. These philosophers are guilty of encouraging all the confusion and try to humiliate them and leave out rendering the most respectable men who are workers. In the last chapter, I will do my bet in favor of equal intellectual; is stated that all priests are men of intelligence. Philosophers, mostly, still insist on enforcing a state of intellectual privilege as a starting point. Many of them make a permanent display of his superior IQ and its extraordinary accumulation of knowledge.

We could imagine a case against these philosophers accusing them of deception, of fraud, lack of warranty, breach of promises of falsehood. Almost all of them fall into a kind of autoexaltació as if his mind was above all the men. Not explain the reason for their privileged situation, although the prophets Clams big fan saying they are inspired by God and messengers of God. In Nietzsche was seen as the only thinker who had managed to free itself from the deception and corruption spread to all peoples of Europe since it was contaminated by Platonism and Christianity. In Hegel presents himself not only as the greatest thinker in history but as the interpreter of God's designs. It not only describes the deployment of the idea of God, who also announced the good news is Germanic Christianity and the kingdom of freedom is the result of the establishment of the Prussian State. In Heidegger in Being and Time is also the most lucid minds in Europe, but also within a country of blind people who have completely lost sight of being. Throughout his work says that modern philosophy has lost its orientation, and philosophical guide modern science does not make sense. In his writings he says that we must go back to the originating site of the birth of the true philosophy of the In In Plato and Socrates. Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Augustine is a constant reference in the research approach of being heideggeriana. No longer the surprise of bold strokes of the philosopher, for example enaltiment that in thinking of Nietzsche, so that as the only modern philosopher who denounces the decline of European philosophy. From 1933 until 1945, is the maximum period of exaltation of philosophy from nietzschiana In Heidegger, exaltation which coincides with that carried out the Nazi propaganda machine. Apparently, it seemed that the speeches of both thinkers were incompatible, in fact, in the philosophy of Plato, as it is a cause of corruption in the European world, while the other is as the ark is kept on the truth of being.

In Heidegger has been accused of collaborating with the Nazi regime. Some have accused of fascist. On the web, it is claimed that a fan was in the Hitler and Nazi regime.

(See: http://www.heideggeriana.com.ar/textos/autoafirmacion.htm). From that there is no doubt that he was purged in 1945 and expelled from the University (he was a member of the Nazi party since 1933, and appointed rector of the University of Freiburg by the Nazi government), although there were back in 1952. Really ugly is certainly the image of a Heidegger grateful to his teacher Husserl N'Edmund (I spent the time and Being, 1926, as a sign of veneration and friendship) to him as the new Chancellor of the University Freiburg, 1933, he has to leave the department in compliance with the laws of racial purity of the new regime (He later denied this, but what is certain is that it's famous dedication of his book and have not attended At the funeral of Husserl, who died in 1938). Leaving aside the degree of involvement in Heidegger the Nazi regime, it appears that his work displays no philosophical theory can be described as collusion with the Nazi ideology. But no leads that can be accused - the court of history - and condemned for his moral behavior, which can be defined as kids. For twelve years in Heidegger lived next to the bestialitats, the injustices and crimes of the Nazis without expressing any disagreement or protest. In an inventory of all his writings, is not a condemnation of the regime and is not material that could be considered as contrary to the ideology of Mine Kampf. In the supporters of Heidegger can not provide personal actions of solidarity with the teacher or persecuted represaliats.

The Being and Time and explains how it argues for building morale in real life, but says nothing about what should a teacher of philosophy and married a Catholic if you have an affair with a student, nor say what s 'must do if the student is Jewish. Neither said anything if a repeated adultery with another student, also says you should do if the second student is also Jewish, and Jewish Jew was his teacher and friend, the venerable Edmund Husserl. The fact is that the professor had his secret adulterous affairs, as a good Catholic he was.

I do not want to do the moral condemnation of Martin Heidegger in because of their loving relationships, not what interests me is to highlight the work written by this author can find no records of their influence within actual processes, or social history, but the most personal. I mean that the teacher's personal behavior with the social and family environment can not define in terms of their philosophical work. Within the set of biographical experiences of which we have in news, in Heidegger acts - and says - not as Heidegger (if their actions show respect for news distinguishable kind of vulgar behavior and acquaintances) but as a Catholic or a typical typical bourgeois of Freiburg, and a typical German racist, nationalist or a typical or a typical German professor of German philosophy. Not available samples of different alternatives and actions by which we can specify the component Heidegger for their behavior.

In Heidegger only behaves as Heidegger for his writings and not his conduct.

Thesis: In the philosophy of Heidegger is a formal redoubt where, at any time, refers to a specific personal, social or political. Extremely formal to the point that there are no ratings on the national-socialism, although he was a member of the party. The philosophical discourse of Heidegger is in the no commitment on any specific proposal or personal or social policy.

In Nietzsche expresses a radical rejection against modernity and expresses a negation of Christianity and philosophy of Hegel in and so in that Heidegger makes in On Nietzsche, the great ally against the world and the search for origins essential. Consider that today's world - the West, which he says - is the result of a loss of orientation and a fall. Does not explain specifically what this fall. Affirms that the right orientation was given by Plato in thinking. The proposal in the general Heidegger would go to the roots, a return to Platonic metaphysics. Once you have reached the end of its vital research, the author does not implement its proposal is not in motion. He mystery in mystery until you get the type of proposal that is on the last page of your booklet What is metaphysics?, For the philosophy I just put in motion by a peculiar way of putting the very existence in the middle the possibility of the existence of radicals in total ... was suspended for that constantly echoes the fundamental question of metaphysics, which we IMPEL the evil deed itself nothing: "There is no more and be soon nothing.

I do not think you ever will know within the strategy to hide in Heidegger, for him personally, what it was to be suspended pending not know why.

Have frequent criticism in the work of Heidegger. Criticism of the logical positivists have insisted in pointing out the inconsistency of his method, have shown that a misuse of language, have said that metaphysics is not possible as a science. In a particularly illuminating criticism of us can relate to in Theodor Adorno of the Frankfurt School (See: Heidegger en castellano - Adorno - From "Terminología philosophical"). Georg Lukács in the book The assault on reason, dedicated to the study of irrationalism, in Heidegger considered as a remarkable example of irrationalism's own period, in the sense of a desperate search is not know what salvation and making a summary, in Lukács says Con ... In Heidegger we find a problem with the pareguda of Kierkegaard, but without God, without Christ and without soul. In Heidegger tries to create a theological philosophy of history to fit the "religious atheism". So ... all gone now intrinsic theology ... leaving only the theological framework now completely empty (p. 420).

The same Heidegger offers a statement of intent about their intellectual goals, the book The situation of present and future of German philosophy, which says (page start) ... that the current directions are present in the 'fundamental reformulation and reproductions of the work plan as the three greatest thinkers of the nineteenth century: Hegel, Kierkegaard and Nietzsche. In Hegel is the consummation of the progress of Western philosophy. His system - which is the only system of philosophy (western) that there has been so far - reflects the truth of Christianity with the philosophy of truth about it all know ... In Kierkegaard is the rebellion of Christian existence ... namely the way of philosophy. In Nietzsche's denial of both - pretèrita of philosophy and of Christianity - because both are precursors of European nihilism ... (We must remember that the philosopher was Catholic, Catholic family, although he does not refer to their religious beliefs. It seems that he never renounced his faith).

Despite the many negative reviews of the work and character, the fact is that after the war, was widely spread in the thinking of Heidegger, which spread increased until today appears. Around 1976, according to statements in an interview, it was said that there were about six thousand books that dealt in some way in the work of Heidegger.

Thesis: From the post until today, is the philosophy of Heidegger in the face of the global ideological war. Has become a powder keg where ideological rearm all of reactionary powers, such as Catholic.

Among the reactionary Powers stressed the Catholic Church to make use of in Heidegger. The great philosopher of strategic proposals were in line with the objectives of the Church. Both the Church and the thinker, rejected the values of modernity and enlightened thinking in general. Denies the validity of science and technology, to understand that they have lost the original root. The return to "source" is back in the thinking of Plato and N'Aristòtil even two authors as part of the Catholic thought.

In Heidegger has become an icon of the idealist line of thought. It is used for fighting with the positivist philosophy of trying to install a new cult of metaphysics. Around the philosophy of this author, have been placing professionals in the various currents of thought: the bond between them is the rejection of modernity and progress. All of them, full of spirit, behind the commander Heidegger, who proclaims that the metaphysics is more rigorous than the math and those who say that science - an invention of the West, proclaims - is returning to its original place integrated within the whole of philosophy and restore the human sense of the West. The philosopher believes that there is a human connection to the West, but still considered very negative culture, science and technology in the United States, namely the strict sense of technology, he said. In general, it seems that he maintain a global overview that, broadly speaking, coincided with the National: considered the two greatest threats to the West was the USSR and the United States.

At the ideological terrain of debate concerning the broad masses, the front of the entire campaign promotes reactionary and neo, with the excuse of combating the threat of nihilism and moral skepticism that hangs over the West.

Thesis: The joys of phenomenology in Heidegger was adopted in one way or another by various philosophical schools, and in particular has contaminated most of the French philosophical production. In the work of Sartre would be in a sample.

Thesis: The Phenomenology heideggeriana this is based on two resources that are unacceptable for science. One is to give scientific validity to the psychological introspection and analysis of records of their own emotions. The second is based on an alleged investigation - Espui - the hidden meaning of words and language.

Commonly, in dealing with a philosophical truth, in Heidegger invites the reader to place themselves in a supposed situation existenciària, from which, the truth will descabdellant. The descabdellament of truth would manifest a particular way to situations and feelings. Thus, the essay What is Metaphysics tells us what it becomes essential to the existence of funds when science has become our passion? (p. 16) and, on page 29, ... as if we were lost in this district or another of us, and 29-30, we take this ... "all", for example, the true boredom. This is not only when we sobrevé bored this book or that show that the employment or leisure. Sprouts when "being boring". The boredom was rolling deep sinuses by the existence of a silent fog level and all the things men and one in a strange indifference. This boredom reveals to us the total. See a list of feelings or states of mind that, as in Heidegger, we used to metaphysical inquiry: boredom, boredom real, profound boredom, passion, joy, sadness, the temperament of mood, anxiety, l 'radical anxiety, fear, desire, the surprise, admiration, abissos unfathomable, and others.

Desvelament The language is the main instrument in Heidegger. Desvelament language, in the plural, has said, that put the languages in their handling desvelaments are mainly German and Greek. We must assume that it's really a great cultivator of these languages, but that makes use of their language skills is not in lexicographical order, but are the true path of science.

With an unprecedented tour de force, in Heidegger dares to give you an incontestable truth Primigenia allegedly hidden within the language (Accordingly, the language would be the supreme classical Greek) and the role of the philosopher is to reveal truths through the study of metaphysical language. According to him, language is the house of being and man, the Dasein, the pastor of language. The audacity of bat records in Heidegger. The booklet said, What is metaphysics, will be a statement of intent made in a spirit of war, like a philosophical declaration of war. Dares to say that he personally investigated to us about adopting a scientific attitude through which retrieves the essential foundation of science, the science foundation that would have positive completely lost, according to him. So blame it comes to science does not want to know nothing of nothing. But it is equally true that, just when trying to express his own travels in essence nothing ... What about this nothing? I continued with his remarks and said the alleged superiority of sobriety and science becomes ridiculesa if you do not take seriously the no-nothing, and adds that is why there are not any scientific rigor comparable to the seriousness of the metaphysics.

A post and even death, in Heidegger maintains a very pessimistic about the world. It seems that Germany meant the defeat of qualque, the collapse of his ideal world (We noted that in 1933 put their illusions in the national-socialist). In the Spiegel interview, says that the development of a world dominated by technology is the beginning of an era of slavery and understand cybernetics as a great evil. You must understand that he, in a world dominated by Nazi Germany, there seemed neither slavery nor brutality. On the other hand, never explains what kind of technology should be happy being developed for the war machine of the Greater Reich.

I could do here, at this writing, the analysis of the philosophies of over a dozen major thinkers Idealist, but this is not my intention. Positivist philosophers and Marxists, in general, maintain a greater cohesion than Idealist. Every idealist philosopher, mostly leaving the method introduced by his predecessor and announced a new philosophy with new objectives and a new method. Since Descartes, the currents are a constant Idealist go back and forth, and every thinker invents a new method, write their own history of philosophy and his list of favorite authors.

The Philosophes. The French philosophers.

I mentioned the phenomenon of the outbreak of the French philosophers. Among other reasons for going against the tradition of the Catalan harmful to imitate the ways of the universe French, that imitation should be considered as a kind of intellectual suicide (In French the Universe always assumes As the Universe is one of the largest in the world and the universe and is insignificant or nonexistent). Although there are a variety of authors, French philosophers from the post made a great collection of German materials, especially from in Nietzsche and Heidegger in (as I said above that were infected heideggeriana the plague).

In Jean Paul Sartre had thought it had found a gold mine with ideological phenomenology heideggeriana, the once urgent need to master technique, you put the work in hand and being built and nothing like a doctoral thesis . It was a total success, since then, the existentialism was born. In Sartre was also a master of phenomenology also knew from the experience of a metaphysical nausea to meet up with the sun nowhere, like anxiety heideggeriana. It also focuses his research into the language, French, in this case, and shows that also has a rare ability to shepherd Language; ability, but without reaching the level of virtuosity of his master when the domain of the Greek language, there is no color in Heidegger is the champion.

In Sartre soon be regarded as a great philosopher (already known: the French are kind of xovinistes). Programs and philosophy of the universe not long in Spanish include the name of Sartre as a shining star. A new feature of Sartre thought was his atheism exhibitionist (As a result, the Holy Office was included in his table). Was clear that the phenomenological method could therefore be seen that God is incompatible with the pour-soi as to the pastor of Being. A modernity accentuated the crisis of identity in this strange discipline that, despite claiming to be the guarantee of truth, fails to establish their own foundations.

The drift of Sartre in left and its support for revolutionary movements in France marked its ideological production. In connection with the philosophy, the most formidable of salt in Sartre was the explicit statement of commitment to Marxism. Stated that Marxism was the only philosophy that had a genuine scientific basis in the same period, around 68, N'Althusser, erected by Pope in Marxist science, which proclaimed in Karl Marx had begun two new sciences, historical materialism and dialectical materialism. One may think that we N'Althusser, communist and Marxist, has nothing to do with phenomenology or in Heidegger, but I say that yes, it should be understood that the French intellectuals of the virus infected Heidegger, making them the language of shepherds and N'Althusser wanted to be a good pastor. As an example of the effects of this deadly virus in the case of N'Althusser, who asked to intercede audience with the Pope intends to propose to you a kind of moral axis Rome-Moscow). N'Althusser presents itself as a Marxist theorist, but in fact proves to be a language expert Heidegger. Applied to study the language of Marx unveiled an alleged hidden truth in the writings of Marx.

In Sartre, on its own initiative, reduced their work, what was known as existentialism, a simple expression of humanity, like a modest bid to join - introducing some humanistic touch - that Marxism is the true philosophy. In Sartre represents the apotheosis of the Parisian spirit never been seen in the history of philosophy a philosopher formally declared that philosophy was not really his own but another philosopher. Of course, followers of the existentialism Sartre were a little destrossadets.

Ortega y Gasset.

The Universe Spanish, N'Ortega y Gasset showed a great commitment to make use of ideas and methods in Heidegger and Nietzsche in to build his philosophy. Ortega reconegué the same dependence with the German philosophy and in the influence of Heidegger in his work. While it seems that sometimes inflated chest and said that in some theories, he was thinking ahead of the German philosopher.

In writing this I just make a simple statement of the significance of the work of N'Ortega. In this regard, I must say that I intend to make public on the Web a graduate thesis that I did forty years ago and has remained unpublished. The title of this book is Ortega y Gasset, ideologist of the Spanish oligarchy.

In the 60s of last century, the work of N'Ortega had become popular among the intellectual circles in Spain and Catalonia. What was most unfortunate that some Catalans lletraferits intellectual authority granted to Ortega. They love some of the ideas of the rebellion of the masses. The intellectual lectualisme affected - and continues to affect - in a negative manner the Universe Catalan. Intel lectualisme within the meaning of the ideology that is morally superior to the intellectual or artistic (Like the Aristotelian ideal of the contemplative life), and a lower production activities, which require labor manual.

In the desert of the national-Catholicism, N'Ortega work emanates a certain air of freedom and modernity. In addition, projects to spread the Catholic neotomisme had no success. All Book frailes scholastic philosophy is kept on the shelves of libraries, but most of them remain unopened. New ideas and the ideological debate became, if anything, outside the spheres of official culture. Under these circumstances, N'Ortega y Gasset remained as a reference point, and the new stage of limited democracy, the figure became of increasing. The new design of the universe did not have Spanish much material to choose, decided that in Zubiri, N'Unamuno and N'Ortega be the major philosophers of the modern Spanish; definitely take N'Ortega number one on the podium. With the arrival of the Socialists to power, the exclusive N'Ortega was confirmed, the philosopher was entronitzat and remained as an icon of the new Great Spanish Culture being pretty; since then have carried on the way of greatness. Currently, programs teaching the Spanish y Gasset N'Ortega included in the list of the twelve greatest philosophers of the world and the most important philosopher of modern Spain. Culture and higher level, is full of Colleges and foundations that make a tireless work off of N'Ortega and his work.

But for many of these efforts to make progress, not change the reactionary nature of the philosophy of N'Ortega. Let's look at two references.

The central thesis to the mass of the rebellion, 1929, it stated that there is a natural social order, which the people - the masses - the remains of his natural aristocracy or elite, in the sense of minority excel slow. Manman elites, the people are instructed. But the time modern, the time of the industrial societies, we see - N'Ortega notes - which have been the mass crowd that has ceased to be people, that does not accept the leadership of an elite. Is the era of mass-man, the man who feels comfortable being vulgar, the man who does not require itself. The mass-man does not want to be subjected to any moral standard. According to the philosopher, on the other hand, Human life, by its very nature, must be made qualque thing in a glorious or humble, to a destination or illustrious trivial. The proposed N'Ortega convert the masses is another time in town. The solution can only come from the emergence of a new minority excellent, a new aristocracy, able to enthuse people with a glorious enterprise.

Along the same lines was the conservative book The English invertebrate. Expand the idea of the oligarchy Boness castellana. Understand that the various peoples of Spain should be addressed to Castile. Orteguiana The proposal is, as always, searching for an exciting historical project, as it was, he said, of the Catholic Monarchs and the imperial policy of Charles I. Ultimately, N'Ortega in the same line of pending revolution in José Antonio Primo de Rivera, when he spoke of the vocation of unity of Spain as a destination in the world.

The logical positivism.

The thesis of this paper is that analytic philosophy, success is the announcement of his death. The philosophy would be reduced to the work of the scientific study of language, to make clarifications on issues of language. The philosophy at the end would have reached the status of science, but would not have anything to say about the world or morality. Is the announcement of the death, but not the death of philosophy, only the death of logical positivism and analytical philosophy. If anything, the positivists are those who are silent. If everything is already said, what's emphasized again and again about the "errors of language" fall on those who deal with issues of moral or metaphysical? It is not the case I consider that philosophy should have a privileged status in the search for truth. However, I argue that philosophy is not science, and even m'avindria to rename the thing, rather than that philosophy is qualque say something like thought or ideology, for example (see l 'The article philosophy and science).

In Ludwig Wittgenstein

In Wittgenstein's honest: their publications no debate on moral or metaphysical, or admits his ideology. It makes public its ideology, but it takes moral decisions (should we understand the term "moral" in its widest meaning) within social and family situations. If moral decisions, which means that understanding of moral or metaphysical themes. I want to stress that our man does not abandon the use of reason to try to get out of moral or metaphysical doubt that the assault (the other, something common among mortals.)

We see that the German engineer was strongly impressed in Bertrand Russell, he raised questions about Principia Mathematica like no other - I mean -. The great English philosopher before he was a young man who showed a deep knowledge about the language of logic and math. It seemed a prodigy, an incredible thing. In Russell had thought that this man had an intellectual capacity so extraordinary that could solve problems that he had found no solution. Test in the admiration of Russell is not only to give a strong support for the publication of the Tractatus, the most surprising is that states that the book is a historical event (Advises the philosophers who hastens to read the book!) . In Ludwig Wittgenstein's most influential representative of analytical philosophy and logical positivism. In Wittgenstein positivist circle closes: the philosophy is reduced to a logical analysis of language, philosophy must be seen as men - philosophers - will try to confuse the issues of metaphysics and moral because they misuse of language. With the publication of the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, 1921, announcing the final solution of philosophical problems, the role of philosophy was to solve the problems arising from erroneous use of language.

Wittgenstein says in truth, with his work, analytic philosophy, I Peak. The main thesis seems unquestionable. His analysis of the functioning of language Philosophical Investigations to be considered as one of the most notable within the field of logic, language and theory of knowledge.

Then, if the principal statements are incontrovertible Wittgenstein, we must all be devotees of the so-called analytical philosophy? Absolutely not. The triumph of Wittgenstein is not the end of intellectual activity on the moral and metaphysical (the ideological war has never truce), but the end of the analytic philosophy in the sense of finished, definitive. It is this philosophy which no longer have anything new to say. Apparently I seem to go into a contradiction, namely the one hand, I set out for the good of Wittgenstein, and, on the other, trying to present as true statements that contradict those of Wittgenstein In. We will analyze the paradoxes.

Necessarily have to assume - I think - that is the same in Wittgenstein who throughout his life and meditate on reasoning and moral issues of metaphysics, and he is the one who comes to conclusions on these issues, it is the same who, despite seeing that he could not apply its proclaimed philosophy was published, however taking decisions arising from a non-analytical philosophical thinking, ie what would be your philosophy Private not made public. In Wittgenstein moves continuously harassed by facts of their environment and the world that lead to extreme and critical situations that require you to make big decisions that changed his life again and again. In the life of Wittgenstein is a novel of passion and intrigue and continuous turbulence. Since the very beginning, the uniqueness of his family also provided with certain material for a saga novel lística: Jews converted to Protestantism in Vienna a Catholic at the time of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. A string of singularities: the father, mother, brothers ... His father, who created the great steel industry, and became one of the richest men in Austria, the father, who was a lover of arts and sciences, and a patron. One is one and I think you should read it twice when you hear that the guests invited to the meals of Wittgenstein in Vienna include Sigmund Freud! Another extravagance family: the sons were educated at home with private teachers, in Ludwig did not go to school until after the thirteen years. And a very demanding father. And another extravaganza for the occasion to please the maternal grandmother who was Catholic, in Ludwig was baptized as a Catholic, and for years met the Catholic ritual. All the brothers were intellectually gifted, but Ludwig was in the prodigy, there was no subject matter or who are not fluent in no time. Genius intelligence and passion for knowledge. And passion for the arts. Like his father, a passion for the arts, for music, especially. Wants to put their intelligence to serve the society in a useful, concrete and positive by the chosen faculty of Engineering at the University of Berlin. And over the death Wittgenstein. In 1902, his brother dies Hans, suicide, in 1904, his brother Rudolf, also committed suicide, died in 1918 in a testing accident in flying his best friend, In David Pinsent and his brother Kurt was suicidal to front the war in 1949, cancer killed his sister Hermine.

In Ludwig Wittgenstein also remarkable for its hard moral acts. I think that in Wittgenstein and reasoned thinking about moral issues affecting their unique moral conduct. Because in the life of Ludwig is crossed by the change and coming. How fast a film: From Berlin's Cambridge; the war, in 1914, makes an anonymous donation of 100,000 crowns to help fund the artists needs, and is voluntary on the Austrian army as a soldier ras, as is the war front, continues to work in the Tractatus. In 1919, makes donation to their heritage to their brothers; In 1922, it appears that exceeds a tremendous existential crisis and decides to make the teacher, is removed and the title of teacher, school changes continuously, it appears that has problems with students' parents. In 1926, a mid-course, has another crisis, leaving the teaching and gardener at a convent of friars, then, this year, with an architect friend of his began to build a house for his sister, in 1927 , contact the Circle of Vienna, in 1928, returned to work on issues of philosophy, 29 returned to Cambridge.

In Wittgenstein and logical positivism of philosophers fall into the same contradiction: on one hand indicate the philosophy can not deal with morality or metaphysics, but are forced to make decisions on matters of personal morality or metaphysics and that, therefore, affect the course of their lives. At the end of the Tractatus, which expressly says, he says, the role of philosophy: The correct method of philosophy would be proper to say anything more than what can be said, ie propositions of natural science - something Therefore, it has nothing to do with philosophy - and then when someone else wanted to say something metaphysical, it always show that their proposals had not given any meaning to certain signs. If you are good for the definition expressed by Wittgenstein, it should be understood that men and philosophers have not only a misuse of language, and now continue to this malpractice.

If Wittgenstein is limited in a state that the propositions of metaphysics and ethics are not possible as a science, then your statement agrees with the conclusions that came in Hume, two hundred years before. Leaving aside the use of formal logic as the latest tool for elucidating the method of science, logical positivism would not have anything to say about the issues that were traditionally treated by philosophers. That philosophy does not contribute anything to the truth, is a pure exercise or a mystic.

I see that there is a crucial point in Wittgenstein diverges on the logical positivism: In Wittgenstein proposes that life truly begins where the positive ends. Like a leader of a mystical sect (Well, if anything, the sect would be very elitist and guardian of the secret), with enigmatic language, proclaiming that no way are the problems of natural science to be the solve (Tractatus, 6.4312). Insists to place on record their mystique, and says we have the feeling that even when all possible scientific questions have been answered, but no genes have been touched our life problems. Very true, then it is precisely no more questions, and this is precisely the response (Tractatus, 652). Do not hide anything from his proposal to follow the path of mysticism, and thus must not be said that the reason why men who are to clarify the meaning of life after long hesitation, could not say what was in this sense ? (Tractatus, 6,521).

I agree to the positivist critique Idealist philosophy and the claim that metaphysics and ethics are not possible as a science, but my question is whether this claim was already established by the philosophers Hume and empiristes in which removed any drafting a colossal logical investigations to insist on the same issue?

In Hume, who had once shown that metaphysics was not possible, given a going over and put the arguments to show the inconsistency of miracles. The criticism of Hume in the foundations of belief in miracles, actually contained a critical underlying the belief in God and religion. In fact, several lines of philosophical Enlightenment - deism, agnosticism, skepticism, atheism - all agreed to review the positive religions and fighting against the Catholic Church. This is not the case of neopositivist; a very discreet, rather conservative reveal a very deep character. In Wittgenstein also states that should be respectful of religious beliefs, but not critical to the religions or the evil deeds being committed in the name of God.

In Wittgenstein released some expressions that match their mystical attitude toward life. For his actions, as if to say that it is not proper in this world, but a mystical, personal aside, it is never explained or theorized. We can only glimpse this world for some aspects of their behavior that seems to carry the brand of mysticism. In Tractatus are some expressions in this enigmatic and mystical sense. At the end of the book are such expressions as whole vision of the modern world is based on the illusion that the so-called laws of nature ... We focus on the laws of nature as something untouchable, like former focus on God and destiny. And both, of course, are right and do not. The former are, as it more clear as to recognize a clear end, while the new system seems as if it explained everything (Tractatus, 6,371 and 6,372) We must understand, I suppose, that the author thinks science does not solve the mystery of man and of what is mystical and not rejected the idea of the mystical, but quite the opposite: that the mystic is the most superior and high. We say that the sense of the world must be out of it ... If there is a value that is valuable ... must be out of the world ... That is why there can not be propositions d 'ethics ... ethics can not be expressed. Ethics is transcendental. Ethics and aesthetics are u (Tractatus, 6:41, 6:42, 6421). It seems that at some point is tempted to refer to God or metaphysical qualque something indefinable and, in paragraph 6522 may be read: The inexpressable yet exist. It shows what is mystical. I think the paragraph is the most committed 6.4312, which states that the temporal immortality of the soul of man ... ... is not guaranteed eternal life? This may not be just as enigmatic as the current ? The solution of the riddle of life in space and time is outside of space and time. I believe in no doubt that Wittgenstein was very concerned about issues of metaphysics and religious belief. It is a pity that you have not left their studies and their reflections on this subject (For years, thirty years, always carrying with him the gospel of Tolstoy, that book is the road to secular sainthood.) I think in 6432, should be understood that assumes the existence of God when he says to the highest it is entirely indifferent as the world. God is not revealed in the world. Surely Wittgenstein had studied in love with the Jewish religion - they were a family of Jewish converts - and Christianity, and enlightened discourse on religion. I also had to know the book I am not a Christian because of his friend and protector Bertrand Russell. Sure you also knew the works of Freud. Sure knew anti-Semitism - as powerful within the Germanic world - and that had ever suffered. I suppose that talking about these issues with family and friends. Whatever the case, did not leave anything in writing about these issues (Well, after I learned of the existence of secret Newspapers In Wittgenstein).

Despite the silence about his personal world, about what he considered mystical, which could not hide was his conduct, his activity as a social person, their feelings and passions. And the first thing that shows the eccentricity of our life is the impish character that keeps pace throughout his life. Unlike other characters in life, such as Napoleon or In In Francesc Macia, Wittgenstein is unique in the continuous breaking of the rhythm and life changing vital goal. I mean, we can see that his dedication to the most vital projects has always loved a short duration ridículament. A day to be an engineer, another musician, philosopher, then, after leaving the philosophy and architecture, then the master and left to gardener, occasionally, often leave the job and withdrawn worldwide in Ireland, Norway, with a friend, I do not know if they were Platonic love or the other, but women are absent from their lives. It seems as if I could resist no more than six months being occupied in a specific activity. Nor is stopped in a place, instead of continuous change and travel, many travel. Live life to batzegades. His life was a continuous batzegada. I do not know if he had liked it, because at the time of death, enigmàticament say that the answer he said that my life has been wonderful.

Recently, it has made public the secret life of rugged and in Wittgenstein, with the publication of his Journals secrets. I was tormented by his lack of sexual impulses. We now know their naive efforts to avoid masturbation. Startled by his homosexuality, had ratings of chastity, but fell in arravataments of uncontrollable promiscuity and extravagant. I am a Fogoncito consumed, and full of slag brutor, left a written confession of her eroticism.

The proposal was logical positivism in favor of the interests of ideological conservatism. While the class struggle is still here, and men are given an ideological war without truce, they are positivists, we propose neutrality. And the more reactionary - represented by the Comte N'Auguste - proposes to leave in the hands of social scientists all social conflicts and issue resolution working. So, ultimately, it would establish a police system and the psychiatric way which is currently with the United States policy in George Bush.

The latest proposal of Wittgenstein In no sense is absurd. It makes no sense to propose a round trip - not know what or how - a mystical indefinitely. That suggests the silence and nothingness as the ultimate goal of humans.

The denial of the tenets of the positivist must be through a practice of ideological struggle, of full participation in the ideological war against the reactionary forces against the exploitation of workers, against injustice, against all types of social oppression, the liberation of oppressed peoples. So is whether positivists say that this activity is not philosophy. Certainly not to his philosophy, which is studying the application of language. From the beginning said that philosophy is not science and morality and metaphysics can not be science, but the moral emotivisme is not a pure emotion, but the men at all times made arguments in support of their moral sentiments. What he says on moral, in practice, covers most of human activities in the social order.

The attempt to transfer the moral issues to study programs of social scientists is alleged, in fact, a reactionary. It is an attempt to present as a scientific system based on slavery. These positivist scientists strive to create the social paradise of way in The Republic of Plato but in a modern science.

We must remember the primary thesis: The men - and the philosophers and scientists - have ideas and think because of the emotions. In Descartes is not only a falsari but a false figure. At the time of writing the speech of the method, in Descartes wanted to believe that an investigation started from a neutral sentimental, the most absolute objectivity in the manner of a geometer, but mind, he was moving to some feelings that are not said, to hide their intentions. But we know that a man without passions can not in all, the eunuch and not feel any interest in geometry, or any other science.

What are the primary feelings that Congo if the broad masses of human feelings, especially, are accompanied by justifications rational thought.

These are the thoughts and feelings of the broad masses that move the story.

They currently lead the modern mark of its origin, the mark of the founders of the State. Thus, there are States of origin Luther-Calvinist, as Great Britain, Holland, Sweden, Norway, and the original Calvinist decidedly more like the United States or Switzerland.

We must see that the Spanish State is a mediocre imitation and confused state of the French model.

The French Republic failed, but the Consulate and the Empire but hastens to build a strong French state, the structures which result in the French today. Certainly, the Napoleon consolidated republican modernity: the privileges annulled the aristocracy and a minimum reduced the powers of the French Catholic Church. It showed how a new domain tool for greater efficiency. The French aristocracy had been defeated and no longer have political power but the power of the state had not diminished but increased. The new managers are also the French nation. Without the oppression of non-French peoples. The so-called Terror, at 93, was the beginning of cultural genocide against the people do not like the French report said a typical 94: feudalism and superstition speak Breton, emigration and hatred of the Republic speak German, the counterrevolution speaks Italian and fanaticism speaks Basque. In 1794, the French language was declared mandatory for all public events, all other languages are prohibited in the public use and are officially called patois, which is insulting to the present. The French Republic has until now remained in effect systems barbaric violence against people not French; remains fully active embolcallada violence with a bombastic speech of freedom, equality and fraternity.

They sign-Luther Calvinist were built from the ponds, was the thought and action of the working classes and the workers that made up the democratic state. Not so the French, or Spanish. For bourgeois revolution, but no nation of bourgeois French declared traitors and were counterrevolutionary. Minorities illustrated politicized and monopolized French nation from the domination of the state - the non-French nationals were excluded -; from there established new instruments of oppression and exploitation of the working classes. Include the centralization of power, the establishment of compulsory military service, not the judicial system and democratic education and compulsory public education statewide.

Education became the instrument endoctrinament and francesització widths of working classes.

I am interested to note that education in the French state is the main instrument of integration of individuals from the working classes, it is assumed that the children of employees can access the highest levels of society. It's called social promotion for the study, but in fact acts as a filter that introduces the divisions within the working class.

The Spanish State is an imitation of the French, said. In the era of absolute monarchy, the Spanish aristocracy had a monopoly of power of the state. In modern times, the jobs that were previously reserved for small Castilian nobility - the state administration, military and ecclesiastical benefits - have the brand of origin. The descendants of the Spanish nobility are small thickness of the State civil service today. As known, the Spanish state is an instrument of domination of the Spanish nation of nations Castilian and not an instrument of espanyolització. Do not go in here a critical analysis of the Marxist theory of the state, not the subject of this writing. But I will say that the Spanish government of the 1930s was not working the way it performs - and explain now - the Marxists. The state of the 30's and the state of the Franco era was not the instrument of bourgeois domination of the Spanish domain instrument but of the oligarchy-Andalusian Spanish. What is meant by bourgeois class had only Catalonia and Principality in the Basque Country. The Andalusian-Spanish oligarchy won the war of 36, and is not the case that has been desposseïda. Among other things, what he has done is try to go unnoticed, keep all its power without being noticed. As always, they have most of the land, and are present in the boards of directors of large companies, and personal positions to senior army and the administration of the State (I leave here) .

All this preamble is to explain how the same general proposal of this writing with the spirit of rebellion of the working classes.

Initially, I was a convent in the battle to build a new Universe Catalan. This is a written manifest that in this direction. But it's not a matter of pure intellectual activity and nothing more. No, it goes beyond. This denunciation of the ideological power, the forgers, the manipulators, converges with the interests of the working class who fight against oppression and exploitation. Catalan workers suffer from this double oppression. But other workers, the Spanish and espanyolitzats are equally oppressed and exploited.

The leaders of the communist regimes - starting with Lenin in - also made a firm commitment by the project of socialist education. The school not only had to be as ideologically socialist model, those leaders and theorists believed like a dogma that the school had Boness emerge the social and economic Boness. All communist countries, the USSR at the head, made some major investments in the budget for education. Ufanosos, did boast of socialist victories in the field of science and technology. Indeed, those universities produce more scientists and technicians of the most advanced capitalist countries. But soon see, amargament that his dream is transformed into reality. Those centers engineers spit like a machine to make caps plugs, but that is not derived any industrial deployment; engineers remained there with the title in hand, waiting to give the state a job . Communist countries did not know what to do with so many mathematicians and engineers, then, the situation became unbearable (to understand: what was the math of Polish officials, who charge the equivalent of 200 euros per month).

Currently, in Spain - and French - is still paying the cult dogma of economic growth to education and the promotion of social education.

Thesis: The education system is a form of oppression.

Thesis: The teaching and transmitting knowledge lies at the same time. Knowledge that have little value for those who are forced to their learning. And forcing the student to memorize all the elements and values from the conservative ideology.

Thesis: The education system and stimulates growth and facilitates the promotion. It is essential to achieve without some qualifications which are not accessible to the public or private.

To practice as a doctor must have knowledge of medicine, but the question is: what is still the knowledge of chemistry if no chemical industry? The University System management continues to insist intensification of programs of studies and research, as if not knowing the experience of communist countries.

What remains the priority in the twenty-first century is the establishment of equality among humans. The question is to eliminate competition imposed, and let the feelings emerge solidarity.

Thesis: The teams left - the Social Democrats included - still desperately attached to the enlightened despotism of the ideology which is only to confuse and divide the working classes, and hinder the process for establishing equal .

At present, the theoretical understand what it says failure like a problem to solve the technical society. But failure is not the result of poor teaching, school failure must be understood as a kind of resistance to oppression and the arbitrary. The growth of school failure is a symptom of the growing disorder of the system. Establish a school and a school as an intellectual lectualista competition that has no connection with the social and economic. But the resistance of schools to be tortured is increasingly evident and decisive.

One might suspect that the system has the absurd pretension of becoming the children of workers - through in-school applicants to a place of civil or administrative. The result is the creation of huge masses of failed.

The system is doubly evil: First, create false expectations - created in failed families and failed - and, secondly, to cultivate the intellectual lectualisme always wrong.

The resistance of the scholars, if they could express in words, say something like: what's so many subjects, both study and science of grammar, if, finally, I, like most colleagues I place of work where these studies have not used at all.

The education system does exhibit called the useless jobs that are permanent from the primary school to university. They are al'espanyola work, work around the product which is nothing. The faculties of philosophy and letters produce genuine works of these mountains that nobody reads and nobody benefits.

In the early nineteenth century, the Spanish high school plans and teacher training schools, was the subject of agriculture. Planners thought that due to the plans of study lead the modernization of agriculture. But erraven, students had no interest in learning agricultural techniques (in Màrius Verdaguer, a city esvaïda, tells the funny story about students from the Institute, to laugh, they made a donkey entering the class of agriculture).

Most workers are few jobs that have no relation with the objective of study that have followed. While workers are forced to suffer the sort of capitalist production, the children of workers have to suffer unbearable a school that fosters intellectual lectualista the competivitat and egotism.

No need to make a particular sociological research to make it clear. For example, in Mallorca, offers the most jobs - cleaners, waiters, dependent on trade, palettes, service dependency, mechanical, Fontanera, ...- maintenance personnel do not require any certificate of studies, unless for bureaucratic reasons.

The system to access jobs in the administration of the State - the so-called opposition - those forces aspiring to an overstrain of useless intellectual lectualista sign.

In practice, officials of the State are now a social statement that is a continuation of the era of absolute monarchy. At that time the jobs were reserved for officials in the small nobility.

Ultimately, the goal of writing this is not a search for truth in the sense of schools of idealist philosophy of sign. It is a modest participation in the ideological battle, with the aim of promoting equality by contributing to the fight against oppression in the working classes.

Thesis: capitalism is not itself an ideology.

The twenty-first century, the socio-economic phenomenon that disrupts the world is undoubtedly the deployment of China - and to a lesser degree, that of India -. The growth in China has shocked Europe and the United States. Its economic growth rate is at around 10% annually. It is emerging as the first industrial power in the world.

The Chinese communist regime has shown a different way to use capitalism and also have it under control. On the other side, India was on track to become the second or third major economic power, with a strange mixture of capitalism and caste system.

Next to the Chinese example, it appears that there may be a variety of ways to achieve the deployment of economic and political culture very different, such as India, Russia, Brazil, Iran, Venezuela , Qatar, and also countries such as Sweden, Switzerland, Finland and Estonia (for example, could take Estonian who passed a law that it is forbidden to sell land to foreigners or the agents of multinational corporations).

Thesis: In a spontaneous, local authorities tend to assert autonomy and the characteristics that are themselves. In a world without armed forces, each city - and the valley - will be declared sovereign.

Geneva was first made use of that Calvinism was an egalitarian republic. The usher proclaimed that all Christians were priests. Then followed the example of other Swiss valleys to setting up the Swiss Republic. Those men wanted to ensure equality and distrustful of the political powers. Thus the established system cantonale famous (now comprise nearly 22 sovereign cantons). What to emphasize - and connects with the initial thesis of this essay - is that were the first democratic revolutions, and the deployment of the capitalist formations. In Max Weber considered that capitalism was a result of Luther's spirit. Capitalism, in fact, developed countries Lutheran, but no economic activity depended on the religious beliefs, but freedom of trade and economic guarantees from the new Lutheran regimes. We must also understand that not all Lutheran, of atheists and skeptics were also active agents of capitalism to geographical Lutheran. That would be true that there was a major economic activity in countries where reform had been made, especially in those who had had Calvinist reforms, but we consider that what those beats drive to give to achieve social success responds to human psychology in general. So my thesis is that higher economic development of the renovated areas is the result of social changes and political reform that involved. Certainly the Catholic Church had expressed a conviction that is allowed to take the profit, but what economic slow the deployment were not sermons, but the system of social oppression of the Catholic monarchies. The privileges of the aristocracy and clergy stifle economic initiatives of citizens. In extreme cases of social oppression, the anorreament reached the village, as happened in the Kingdom of Castile in the sixteenth century. It is said that The Golden Age, he really meant the ruin and depopulation of the cities of Castile, the ruin of the village of those cities Castilian was not caused by an alleged Catholic inspiring spirit of its economic activity, but the unbearable social oppression of the monarchy.

I believe that the arguments outlined in this booklet were in line with the search for appropriate ways for the rebellion against the oppression of the oligarchy Spanish heir to the tradition. You can see that the current oligarchs are the re-holy alliance with the monarchy and the Catholic Church. And the Pope of Rome is still a strong bet reactionary axis Madrid-Roma.

We must reject any kind of ideological commitment to conservative Catalan. Catalanism conservative philosophers and Catalan Catalan officials, overall, objectively, make a fierce defense of Universos conservative.

It has also been reported to the suggestions of Catalan Matching enlightened despotism Spanish or French. These people, at all times seeks to build a chair from which to obtain authority for its ideology ..

To understand: You have to deny the moral authority of the University.

We must reject the entire system of ideological power in Spain.

It is not the case that the universities and cultural societies are autonomous regarding the power of the oligarchy. To put a blatant example: The Spanish university has had to keep quiet and accept the fact that the reaction has imposed a rule of law the existence of a language course in Valencia, the Catalan differentiated.

Should try to reduce the weak or devices that the Catholic Church remains to the University (in the Spanish universities - and Catalan - the faculties of philosophy still tomista model of the Franco era. There are untouchable chair of 'ontology, psychology of the (ep, tomista psychology, psychology as a science of the soul "), the ethical and the aesthetic of the epistemology. This sort of Faculties of Philosophy shows that progressive have failed to attack the citadels conservative shows that Franco and tomistes keep their redoubts.

I also have, at present, there is a continuous drip of creations of Catholic universities and foundations dissemination of neo-ideologies.

If they are reactionary, devoted many efforts to keep their devices ideological struggle, we must conclude that they consider a serious threat to the power to uncover the huge plot of deceit and fraud.

But time is a fight against enlightened despotism pseudoprogressista but that does not work for the interests of economic elites.

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